Lecture on Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression
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Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts and terms related to protein synthesis and gene expression.
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22 Terms
tRNA
Transfer RNA; acts as the physical link between mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Genotype
An organism's hereditary information.
Phenotype
Actual observable or physiological traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
The process of going from DNA to a functional product, typically a protein.
Central Dogma
The framework explaining the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
Transcription
The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
Pre-mRNA
The initial RNA transcript prior to processing into mature mRNA.
Spliceosome
A large complex of proteins and small RNAs involved in splicing introns from pre-mRNA.
Exons
Regions that remain in mature RNA after processing.
Introns
Non-coding regions of pre-mRNA that are removed during processing.
Polyadenylation
The addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of mRNA for stability and export.
Codons
Three-nucleotide sequences in mRNA that correspond to specific amino acids.
Peptide Bonds
Covalent bonds that link amino acids together in a protein.
Signal Peptide
A short segment of amino acids that directs the ribosome to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
Post-translational Modifications
Chemical modifications of a protein after its translation, affecting its function.
RER (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
An organelle involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins.
Polypeptide
A chain of amino acids that folds into a functional protein.
Translation
The process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins using mRNA as a template.
Amino Acids
The building blocks of proteins, coded by codons in mRNA.
Regulatory Proteins
Proteins that control the process of gene expression by influencing transcription or translation.
Capping
The addition of a modified guanosine nucleotide to the 5' end of mRNA.
Tailing
The addition of a poly(A) tail to the 3' end of mRNA for stability.