Psychopathology Exam

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Disorders that manifest in early development and are characterized by deficits or differences in brain processes leading to impairment.

Intellectual Development Disorder

A condition during the developmental period involving deficits in intellectual functions and adaptive functioning, impacting personal independence and social responsibility.

Adaptive Functioning

The level of functioning in daily life activities influenced by intellectual capacity and other factors, assessed across conceptual, social, and practical domains.

Specific Learning Disorder

Difficulties in learning and using academic skills, such as reading, writing, and math, persisting despite interventions, with severity based on affected domains and level of functioning.

Flynn Effect

The trend of increasing population IQ scores over time, reflecting changes in abilities and socioenvironmental factors, impacting assessments and interpretations.

Dyslexia/Dyscalculia

Common manifestations of specific learning disorder related to language and mathematics abilities, described as alternative terms in DSM-5-TR for specific areas of difficulty.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by low body weight, fear of weight gain, and distorted body image, with subtypes like binge-eating/purging and restricting types.

Binge Eating Disorder

Involves recurrent episodes of binge eating with marked distress, distinct from anorexia and bulimia, with specific criteria for diagnosis and prevalence rates.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

A measure used in diagnosing eating disorders, with different criteria for adults and youths, considering weight relative to height and developmental trajectories.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder

Characterized by apparent lack of interest in eating or food, avoidance based on sensory characteristics of food, and concern about aversive consequences of eating.

Rumination Disorder

Involves repeated regurgitation of food over at least 1 month without apparent nausea, involuntary retching, or disgust, potentially self-soothing or conditioned response.

Pica

Persistent eating of nonnutritive, non-food substances inappropriate to developmental level, not culturally supported, with estimated ~5% prevalence in school-age children.

Obesity

Not a DSM-5-TR disorder due to multifactorial causes, distinct from psychological-driven disorders like anorexia nervosa or binge-eating disorder.

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Involves significantly below expected coordinated motor skills impacting daily activities, with 7-8% prevalence in children 5-11 years old.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

Characterized by repetitive, purposeless motor behaviors interfering with daily activities, with typical onset in early developmental period.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Related to significant distress or impairment from physical symptoms not explained by another medical or psychological condition, with 6.7-17.4% prevalence in adults and adolescents.

Chronic Pain

Refers to pain lasting significantly beyond healing period, non-responsive to remedies, and may be part of Somatic Symptom Disorder with predominant pain.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Involves preoccupation with having a serious illness, excessive health-related behaviors, and high anxiety about health, distinct from Somatic Symptom Disorder.

Transient Form

A form of somatic symptom/illness anxiety associated with less psychiatric comorbidity and more medical comorbidity.

Elimination Disorders

A category of disorders including enuresis and encopresis involving the passage of urine or feces into inappropriate places.

Enuresis

Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes, characterized by distress or impairment in social, academic, or other important areas of functioning, and affecting individuals at least 5 years old

Nocturnal Enuresis

Enuresis specifically occurring during sleep, commonly known as "bedwetting."

Diurnal Enuresis

Enuresis that happens during waking hours, categorized into urge incontinence and voiding postponement.

Encopresis

Repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places, occurring each month for at least 3 months, in a child of at least 4 years of age

Parasomnias

Abnormal behavioral or physiological events during sleep, including nightmare disorder and non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders.

Nightmare Disorder

Repeated occurrences of extended, dysphoric dreams in which the individual rapidly becomes alert among awakening

Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders

Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening from sleep, including sleepwalking and sleep terrors.

Insomnia Disorder

Dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality, occurring for 3 nights a week for 3 months, causing significant clinical impairment

Substance Use Disorder

Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria related to substance use, especially relevant in youth.

Public Health Approach to Cannabis Legalization

Canada adopted a public health approach to cannabis legalization to reduce criminalization, regulate risks, and protect vulnerable populations.

Gender Identity

An individual's internal sense of being male, female, both, neither, or another gender.

Gender Expression

The physical manifestation of one's gender identity, including aspects like voice, body shape, and clothing choices.

Sex Assigned At Birth

The classification of individuals as male, female, intersex, or other based on anatomical, hormonal, and chromosomal characteristics.

Sex and Gender in Research

Crucial in predicting risk for psychopathology, considering biological, cognitive, behavioral, environmental, and social factors.

Missing Factors in Research

Research may miss important aspects by incorrectly equating sex and gender, leading to biases like sampling bias, data analytic bias, and missing psychopathology in children.

sampling bias

studies only looking at males or females

Data Analytic Bias

studies that include both male and female, but do not look at sex/gender effects

Referral Bias

When individuals exhibiting disruptive or observable symptoms are more likely to recieve referrals for support or assessment

Reverse Halo Effect

When one negative judgment triggers further negative judgments, as seen in the context of implicit gender biases in diagnosis

Criterion Bias Hypothesis

When criteria for a specific diagnosis itself is biased

Missing Symptom Hypothesis

When an important symptom is missing that would increase the reliability of a diagnosis in boys/girls

Measurement Variance Hypothesis

When its possible that certain measures could be less valid for boys/girls in a specific diagnosis

Ascertainment Bias

When a combination of biases contribute to false findings, like the sex differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Conceptual (academic) Domain

Domain in adaptive functioning, dealing with problem solving, language, math, memory, reading, writing

Social Domain

Domain in adaptive functioning, dealing with awareness of other’s thoughts and feelings and communication skills

Practical Domain

Domain in adaptive functioning, dealing with personal care, self-management, money management, job responsibilities

Care-seeking type

Aspect of Illness Anxiety Disorder in which medical care, including physician visits, and undergoing tests and procedures, is frequently used

Care-avoidant type

Aspect of Illness Anxiety Disorder in which medical care is rarely used

Urge Incontinence

Diurnal enuresis that involves the sudden urge to urinate and difficulty controlling bladder muscles

Voiding Postponement

Diurnal enuresis that involves delaying urges to urinate until peeing results

Sleep-Onset Insomnia

Difficulty initiating sleep in children without caregiver intervention 

Sleep Maintenance Insomnia

Difficulty maintaining sleep, characterized by frequent awakenings or problems returning to sleep after awakenings without caregiver interventions

Late Insomnia

Early-morning awakening with inability to return to sleep