The Holy Mecca of Practical ii

LAB PRACTICAL 2 CARDS

Which generation produces spores?

• Sporophyte

• The diploid plant that produces spores is called a sporophyte

Which generation produces gametes?

• Gametophyte

• The haploid plant that produces gametes is called a gametophyte

What type of cell division produces spores? (seedless plants)

• Meiosis

• meiosis takes place… produce haploid spores

What type of cell division produces gametes? (seedless plants)

• Mitosis

• produce gametes by the process of mitosis

What structure produces sperm? (seedless plants!)

• Antheridium

• the antheridium… produces sperm

What structure produces eggs?

• Archegonium

• the archegonium… produces eggs

What is the function of the sporangium? (seedless plants)

• CAPSULE = SPORANGIUM (moss)

• CAPSULE → PRODUCES SPORES

• Sporophytes have organs called sporangia…they produce haploid spores

What is the product of fertilization?

• Zygote

• Two gametes fuse… to form… zygote

What does the zygote develop into?

• Sporophyte

• The zygote… become the multicellular diploid form called the sporophyte

Which generation is dominant in mosses? (seedless plants)

• Gametophyte

• Gametophyte is dominant

Which generation is dominant in ferns?

• Sporophyte

• Dominant sporophyte

Why do seedless plants require water?

• Sperm must swim

• sperm must swim through a film of water

What is a thallus?

• Gametophyte of liverwort

• thallus… is the gametophyte

What structure allows asexual reproduction in liverworts?

• Gemmae

• called gemmae

What disperses gemmae?

• Raindrops

• splashed… by raindrops

Where is the operculum found?

• Capsule

• on the capsule

What is the function of rhizoids?

• Attach to substrate

• allow them to fasten to a substrate

What is a frond?

• Entire fern leaf

• entire structure… is called a fern ________

What does gymnosperm mean?

• Naked seed

• Gymno = Naked

• Sperm = Sperms (duh), meaning ‘naked seeds’

Which cone produces pollen?

• Male cone

• this is a photo of a male cone

• male cones… produce… pollen grains

Which cone contains ovules?

• Female cone

• Female cones… contain two ovules

What do ovules develop into?

• Seeds

• structure develops from a fertilized ovule

What is pollination?

• Transfer/initiation of pollen [grains]

• Pollination is defined as the initiation of pollen tube growth

• the transfer of pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma, enabling fertilization and the production of seeds and fruit

What is fertilization?

• Fusion of sperm and egg

• sperm nuclei will unite with… egg

What structure grows after pollination?

• Pollen tube

• The pollen tube develops

What structure allows gas exchange?

• Stomata

• stomata… allowed gas exchange

What carries defensive material?

• Resin duct

• resin carried in resin ducts

What structures help pollen travel?

• Air bladders

• the strucure connecting the Air Bladders is the Gametophyte

What generation is dominant in gymnosperms?

• Sporophyte

• Sporophyte

What does monoecious mean?

• Male and female reproductive structures on same plant

• “bisexual” plant

What does dioecious mean?

• Male & female reproductive structures on separate plants

• “heterosexual” plant

What is the function of sepals?

• protects the bud

What is the function of petals?

attracts pollinators

What is the function of anther?

produces and disperses pollen

What is the function of stigma?

receives pollen

What is the function of the style?

Path for pollen tube/where PT grows

What is the function of ovary?

Houses ovules

What do ovules develop into?

Seeds

What is the perianth?

• Sepals + petals = perianth

• THEREFORE the perianth protects the bud and attracts pollinators

Which structures are male in angiosperms?

• stamen - filament & anther

• filament holds up anther

• anther produces pollen

Which structures are female?

carpels → StiStyO = StigmaStyleOvary

• stigma receives pollen

• style is where the pollen tube grows

• ovary ultimately becomes a fruit

• an OVULE becomes a SEED

What are hyphae?

• thread-like structures

• thread-like, tubular filaments that form the body of a fungus, aka mycelium

• secretes enzymes to break down food

What is a/mycelium?

• Network of hyphae

• the vegetative, root-like part of a fungus, consisting of a vast, branching network of fine white threads called hyphae

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

Absorption

What are spores?

Spores are microscopic reproductive cells

What happens when spores land? (fungi)

grows into new hyphae

What strengthens fungal cell walls?

Chitin

What are fungi classified as nutritionally?

heterotrophs

What is budding?

• asexual reproduction

• divide by a process called budding

• one parent cell splits into two unequal parts, creating a smaller daughter cell that is a genetic match to the parent

What is the function of mushrooms?

produce and release spores

Where would you find spores on a fern?

Sori (underside of frond)

What structure protects developing spores in moss?

• Operculum

• The operculum… covers the capsule

What is the structural difference between gametophyte and sporophyte on moss?

• Gametophyte = small/leafy

• Sporophyte = stalk + capsule

• sporophyte… grows from the gametophyte

Which structure anchors moss?

• Rhizoids

• allows them to fasten to a substrate

Which structure absorbs water in moss?

• rhizoids

• moss lacks true roots

Where on the cone are ovules found in gymnosperms?

• on cone scales

• contain two ovules per scale

What is the function of a seed in gymnosperms?

• to protect, nourish, and disperse the embryo (future sporophyte) without water

What does a pollen grain develop into?

pollen tube

What protects developing seeds in gymnosperms?

Cone (exposed seeds)

What adaptation helps reduce water loss in gymnosperms?

needle-like leaves (middle drawing)

What does the ovary develop into after fertilization in angiosperms?

• FRUIT

• function of the fruit is seed protection and dispersal

What type of venation do monocots have?

parallel leaf venation

What type of venation do eudicots have?

• net leaf venation

• AKA branching leaf venation

• also AKA web-like leaf venation

Where is pollen produced? (angiosperms)

anther

What is the function of fruit?

Protect and disperse seeds

What structure receives pollen first?

stigma

What is the function of hyphae?

• absorb nutrients

• increase its surface area for absorbing nutrients

Where is most of the fungus located?

• mycelium (in substrate)

• mycelium makes up most of the organism

What is the difference between s.exual and asexual spores? (FUNGI)

• Asexual spores = mitosis;

• S.exual spores = fusion of cells

• asexually, through mitosis… s.exually, after the fusion

What is the purpose of spores in fungi?

• reproduction, dispersal, & survival of fungi

• AKA: colonize, spread, and survive

What grows above the substrate? (fungi)

• Mushroom (reproductive structure)

• The substrate is simply the material mushrooms grow in—sawdust, straw, wood, compost, etc.

• structures… grow above the substrate to produce and release spores

What is the role of fungi in ecosystems?

• Decomposers to help cycle nutrients

• Fungi = Decomposers

What is the spore-producing structure at the tip of a moss sporophyte?

• Capsule

• sporophytes have organs called sporangia…produce haploid spores

What is the cap-like structure that covers the moss capsule before spores are released?

operculum

What is the function of the capsule? (moss)

produces spores

Where is the operculum found?

on the capsule

Which generation is shown? (being pointed to)

• Sporophyte ho

• Top is sporophyte, bottom is gametophyte. GAMETOPHYTE DOMINANT = MOSS

Is this structure haploid or diploid?

DIPLOID B*TCH

What does this structure produce?

haploid spores

What structure anchors this plant?

rhizoids, allows moss to fasten o a substrate

What are the small clustered structures on the underside of a fern frond called?

• clusters of sporangia called Sori

• small, often brown or black clusters of sporangia located on the underside of fern fronds, serving as the plant's reproductive structures

On what part of a fern would you find clusters of spore-producing structures?

Underside of fern frond in clusters

What do the clusters found on the underside of fern leaves produce?

• spores

• sporangia produce spores

Does this plant produce seeds?

• ❌no, its a seedless plant

• this is a fern

Is this plant vascular or nonvascular?

• ✅vascular

• ferns are Seedless Vascular Plants

Which generation is dominant?

Sporophyte dominant Fern

What structure is shown?

gemmae cup

What is this structure’s function?

gemmae cup - asexual reproduction

What disperses this structure?

splashed by raindrops

What plant is this, and what generation is it?

• liverwort

• gametophyte dominant

• THALLUS = GAMETOPHYTE

What is the haploid, gamete-producing stage of the plant life cycle called? (seedless plants)

Haploid plant/structure, Gametophyte

What is the diploid, spore-producing stage of the plant life cycle called?

Diploid plant, Sporophyte

Which stage is diploid?

• Sporophyte

• diploid plant…sporophyte

Which stage produces spores? (seedless plants!)

• diploid Sporophyte stage

• PROCESS = MEIOSIS

Which stage produces gametes?

• haploid Gametophyte stage

• PROCESS = mitosis

What process does the Zygote go through to become the sporophyte?

• 1-mitosis, 2- fertilization, 3- mitosis, 4-sp.

• PROCESS = mitosis

• Diploid Sporophyte stage

What process occurs when gametes fuse to form a zygote?

Fertilization

What process produces haploid spores from the diploid stage? (seedless plants)

• Meiosis produces haploid spores from the diploid stage

• meisois =

  • only in the sporophyte generation

  • only diploid. does produce haploid spores tho

What structure is labeled A?

• Ovule

• contain two ovules per scale

What will C develop into? What will A develop into?

• C → Seed

• A → Fruit

• fertilized ovule → seed

  • A = Ovary | B = Ovary wall | C = Ovule