Pharmacology and Drug Classifications Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering anticholinergics, muscle relaxants, anticonvulsants, and general pharmacology principles based on the lecture notes.

Anticholinergic Response

Occurs when the drug occupies the Receptor site, blocking acetylcholin.

Anticholinergic Cardiovascular Effects

Heart rate can increase with large doses, while small doses can decrease heart rate.

Anticholinergic GI Effects

Relaxed smooth muscle tone of GI tract, decreased GI motility and peristalsis, and decreased gastric and intestinal secretions.

Anticholinergic Urinary Tract Effects

Relaxed bladder detrusor muscle and increased constriction of internal sphincter, which can result in urinary retention.

Scopolamine

An Anticholinergic drug used for treating motion sickness by acting on the CNS.

Anticholinergic Contraindications

Glaucoma, tachycardia, and myasthenia gravis.

IORAZEPAM

A Benzodiazepine that "slows the Brain"; used as a seizure antianxiety agent and sedative-hypnotic agent.

FlumazeNIL

The official protocol drug used for a Benzodiazepine overdose.

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants

Relieves muscle spasm and spasticity while having a sedative effect.

Direct Acting Muscle Relaxants

Decrease muscle spasm pain, increase range of motion, and suppress hyperactive reflex.

CUCIOBENZA PRINE

A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant used to relieve muscle spasm.

Skeletal Muscle Relaxant Examples

Baclofen, tizanidine, carisoprodol, chlorzoxazone, and methocarbamol.

Muscle Relaxant Nursing Interventions

Monitor serum liver enzyme levels, observe for CNS side effects, do not stop abruptly (taper over $1$ week), and avoid alcohol.

MULTIPLE SCELEROSIS

A neuromuscular autoimmune disorder that attacks the mylien Sneeth of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, causing lesions known as plaques.

PHENYTOIN (Dilantin)

Used for treatment and prevention of tonic-clonic and complex partial seizures; therapeutic serum level is $10-20\,\text{mcg/mL}$.

Gingival hyperplasia

A side effect of PHENYTOIN involving overgrowth of the gums.

Neostigmine timing

Must be given within $30$ mins before eating to open the throat and prevent dysphagia and aspiration.

The Rights of medication

Right patient, Right drug, Right dose, Right Route, Right time, and Right documentation.

Enteric Coated Tablets

Must be swallowed whole to maintain therapeutic levels; if crushed, the excessive initial release poses a fatal risk of toxicity.

Bioavailbility

The percentage of an administered drug available for activity, such as $100\%$ for IV administration.

Protein Binding

Drugs more than $90\%$ bound to protein are considered inactive; mixing two high protein bound drugs like warfarin and Furosemide can lead to toxicity.

Phase I Drug Development

The drug or treatment is given in a large group of people for the first time.

Phase II Drug Development

The drug or treatment is given to a larger group to see whether it is effective.

Phase III Drug Development

The drug is given to large groups to confirm effectiveness and monitor side effects.

Phase IV Drug Development

Studies done after the drug has been marketed to assess effects in various populations and long-term use.

Generic Name

The official nonproprietary name for a drug; written in lower case letters and is less expensive.

Polypharmacy

When a patient takes more than $6$ medications at a time; common in older people and can lead to liver and kidney toxicity.

Carbidopa

Part of Parkinson's treatment that helps keep dopamine from breaking down.

Levadopa

Part of Parkinson's treatment that makes the dopamine.

VALPORIC ACIDS

Prescribed for tonic-clonic, absence, and partial seizures with therapeutic levels of $60-100$; metabolized through the liver.

Benztropine Side Effects

Nausea, dry mouth, constipation, dizziness, urinary retention, tachycardia ($\text{THR}$), psychosis, and heat stroke.

Sodium Range

Normal serum levels of $135-145$.

Vasteuslaterlis

The meatiest part used for pediatric shots.