Unit 2 - Cells (better)
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Why is the cell considered the basic unit of life?
Because individual cells carry out all functions of living things.
What is the smallest known functioning unit of life?
The cell.
How are cells organized based on their structure or function?
They are organized into tissues.
What is a tissue?
A group of specialized cells working together.
What is an organ?
A group of tissues that perform a special function.
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together to keep you alive.
What three factors affect your ability to see inside a cell?
Microscope type, lens power, and slide quality.
Which cell structures can you see with a classroom light microscope?
Cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus, and vacuoles.
What is the role of the cell membrane?
It surrounds and protects the contents of the cell.
How does the cell wall protect plants and fungi?
By providing a thick, rigid frame-like covering for support.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
It distributes materials to different parts of the cell.
Where inside the cell is the cytoplasm located?
It is the liquid inside the cell containing grainy-looking bits.
What is the role of the nucleus?
It controls the cell's activities.
Where is the nucleus usually located in a cell?
Near the center of the cell.
What is a vacuole?
A membrane-bound storage space for food, wastes, and substances.
Where are chloroplasts found?
Only in plant cells.
What process takes place inside chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis.
What is the function of the mitochondria?
To convert energy into usable forms through chemical reactions.
What are organelles?
Specialized structures inside a cell that carry out specific functions.
What are the two main points of the Cell Theory?
All living things have cells; cells are basic units of life.
How large are most cells?
Between 10 and 50 micrometers.
Why do cells need a constant supply of materials?
To carry out work and maintain life functions.
What is a unicellular organism?
An organism made up of just one cell.
What is a multicellular organism?
An organism made up of two or more cells.
How do amoebas move around?
Using foot-like projections called pseudopods.
How do amoebas capture food?
By surrounding food between two pseudopods and absorbing it.
How do paramecia move swiftly through water?
Using hair-like structures called cilia that act like oars.
How do cilia help paramecia gather food?
By channeling food to an oral groove lined with cilia.
What is a selectively permeable membrane?
A membrane that allows only some substances to pass through.
What is a permeable membrane?
A membrane that allows all substances to pass through.
What is an impermeable membrane?
A membrane that lets nothing pass through.
How does diffusion move particles?
From a highly concentrated area to a less concentrated area.
What determines the direction of diffusion through a cell membrane?
The concentration of particles on either side.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Why is water vital for cell processes?
It helps dissolve many substances involved in cell functions.
How do amoebas reproduce?
Through cellular division, splitting into two identical organisms.
What is a specialized cell?
A cell with specific structures to perform particular functions.
What are the four main animal tissue types?
Connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscle tissue.
What is the function of connective tissue?
It supports and connects different parts of the body.
Where is epithelial tissue found?
Covering body surfaces and the outside or inside of organs.
Where is nervous tissue located?
In the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
What is the function of muscle tissue?
It allows the body and organs to move.
What are the three tissue types in plants?
Photosynthetic/storage, protective, and transport tissue.
What is the function of photosynthetic tissue in plants?
To use sunlight to produce sugar for energy.
What is the role of protective tissue in plants?
To provide a waterproof layer that protects the plant.
What does phloem tissue transport?
Food within the plant.
What does xylem tissue transport?
Water within the plant.
What are the three main organs of a plant?
Roots, stems, and leaves.
What is mitosis?
The process body cells use to make exact replicas.
What is meiosis?
The process that creates sperm or egg cells.
What is binary fission?
How single-celled organisms copy themselves for reproduction.
Why must food be broken down by the digestive system?
So cells can use the energy from it.
What is mechanical digestion?
The physical breakdown of food into very small pieces.
What is chemical digestion?
The breakdown of large particles into smaller ones by enzymes.
What are enzymes?
Substances created by the body to carry out chemical digestion.
Where does mechanical digestion begin?
In the mouth.
What is the role of saliva in digestion?
It mixes with food to make it easier to swallow.
What does salivary amylase break down?
Large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
It covers the windpipe so food does not enter lungs.
How is food pushed down the esophagus?
By muscle contractions called peristalsis.
What is the role of mucus in the stomach?
It protects the stomach from digesting itself.
Where does chemical digestion continue after the stomach?
In the small intestine.
What is the role of bile?
It breaks up large lipid globules into smaller droplets.
Where is bile stored?
In the gallbladder.
Why is the small intestine covered in villi and microvilli?
To increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
Where is feces formed and collected?
Formed in the large intestine; collected in the rectum.
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Supplying blood with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide.
How is air filtered and moistened in the nose?
By tiny hairs and nasal mucus.
Why is the trachea held open by cartilage rings?
To prevent it from closing off so air can flow.
What are alveoli?
Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
How does gas exchange happen between alveoli and capillaries?
Gases pass easily through their very thin walls.
What is the role of the diaphragm?
It changes chest cavity pressure to help you breathe.
What is the main role of the circulatory system?
It is the body's transportation network for nutrients and gases.
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood?
To the lungs.
Where does the left side of the heart pump blood?
To the rest of the body.
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
What are veins?
Blood vessels that return blood to the heart.
How thick are capillary walls?
Only one cell layer thick.
What are the four components of blood?
Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
What is the role of plasma?
It is the liquid portion carrying nutrients and wastes.
What is the role of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen.
What is the role of white blood cells?
To defend the body against infection and disease.
What is the role of platelets?
To clot blood and prevent blood loss.
How is ammonia removed from the body?
Converted to urea in liver, then filtered by kidneys.
What is the function of nephrons?
Tiny filtering units in kidneys that produce urine.
What is the core of a neuron called?
The cell body or soma.
What is the difference between sensory and motor neurons?
Sensory carry info to CNS; motor carry info to muscles.