Vietnam, Reagan, and the End of AP US History

Dien Bien Phu

Last Site of French occupation in Vietnam before the country is divided (1954) -After Phu, a line is drawn between the territory -North is Communist, South is "Democratic"

Ho Chi Minh

Communist Dictator of North Vietnam, considered the founding father of Vietnam. -Minh has a year to campaign

Ngo Dinh Diem

"Democratic" leader of South Vietnam who the US allows to be assassinated -Runs against Ho Chi Minh -Diem will persecute Buddhists and it will get him killed -1963, Saigon Protest will catch the attention of the US people -Diem's wife goes on a public relations show in the US, and goes on the Today Show and will say "That all Democratic people has to be killed" -US cancels the election, and Minh decides to attack the border -Diem is a disaster; His top generals plan to kill him, tell the CIA, and the CIA tells JFK; JFK tells them he doesn't want to know anything about it, essentially letting Diem die

17th Parallel

Line that divided North and South Vietnam

National Liberation Front

Vietcong, VC, Victor Charlie, Chuck South Vietnamese guerillas who attacked US forces Vietcong becomes the nickname; They didn't fight fair; Very horrible but effective traps

North Vietnamese Army

NVA Soviet and Chinese funded. We can win these battles against them. Conventional army

USS Maddox

American Ship allegedly attacked twice in the Tonkin Gulf, justifying the war -None of the Americans know what's truly going on in Vietnam -Fires on the Vietnamese coast -Ship is fired upon, receives little damage,

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

The congressional resolution gives Johnson the full authority to protect US interests in Vietnam. If Johnson is given the authority, he'll get blamed for a bad war

William Westmoreland

Supreme Commander of all American Forces in Vietnam. -He is to Vietnam what Mac was to Korea and Ike was to WWII -Will work with MacNamera (former head of Ford Motor Company) -Westmoreland and MacNamera thinks that a good K:D will win the war -American Generals will wrongfully report on the numbers

Robert MacNamera

Former head of Ford Motor and Secretary of Defense, will work with Westmoreland to come up with the K:D strategy to win vietnam -It fails

Operation Rolling Thunder

Refers to the bombing of Hanoi in the War; the US dropped more bombs on North Vietnam than Germany and Japan in WII (by tonnage) Casualties - We lost 59,000 Vietnamese = 1.5-2 Million

Ho Chi Minh Trail

NVA and VC supply lines into South Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia A network of paths used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam, went through Laos and Cambodia. We are aware of this LBJ and Nixon will both bomb

Tet Offensive

Nationwide coordinated attack by the NVA and VC against American Forces; The US wins every major engagement, turning US public opinion against the Vietnam War; Turning Point of the Vietnam War. -Every Tet, US won't fight -In '68, Johnson will say we are close to victory; It is all lies and Tet will be the ruin of public opinion towards the War -The American Public didn't get the full story of what's going on in Vietnam

Credibility Gap

The difference between what the government says and the truth A public distrust of statements made by the government that was between the Johnson Administration and the American public

Hubert Humphrey

The Democratic nominee for the presidency in the election of 1968. He was LBJ's vice president, and was supportive of his Vietnam policies. The Chicago democratic national convention was ruined by violence that year. His support split the Democratic party, allowing Nixon to win the election for the Republicans. LBJ chooses to not run again -will want to run, but the Democrats want Bobby to run Bobby is the one winning the nomination, but he will get killed -He is chosen, but in the '68 election, violence will break out at the convention

Vietnamization

President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam War, involved a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces. A Nobel Withdrawal and Surrender US Replaces our soldiers with SouthVietnamesee We are not winning this war Nixon's best bad Answer: Pull men out in '69, but the SV in their place, draft ends, and by 72 Vietnam will be forgotten

Neil Armstrong

The first astronaut to land on the moon, July 69 Said the famous phrase, "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." 68 is the worst era for the US, but the Moon landing is a small burst of nationalism

Kent St. Massacre

May of 1970, National Guard kills four protestors Ohio College where an anti-war protest got way out of hand The National Guard was called in and are abused by the protestors A Gun is accidentally fired and four are killed once the smoke clears They were Innocent & Unarmed, and wounded 9 others in the indiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles. Vietnam Veterans are unsympathetic (why don't they don't get remorse for their deaths)

Henry Kissinger

National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration, controls foreign policy in the 70s - American foreign policies in the 70s - He was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973. - He was the Chief Architect of 1970s foreign policy. -He looks at the world and says "Cut the Crap"

Real Politik

A foreign policy advocated by Henry Kissinger in the Nixon administration based on consideration of a nation's goals rather than its abstract ideologies. This would allow the US to finally accept China for what it was.

Detente

Cooling Off The easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries (US and the Soviet Union). The non-sense is over Nixon and the USSR's leader talk to each other and tried to deal with each other

Watergate

Worst Scandal in American history, causes Nixon to resign over it (Nixon abused his power). -A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. -CREEP was Nixon's committee (Committee to Re-elect President)

Pentagon Papers

Leaked document from the defense department to the NY Times, exposing American lies in Vietnam -The name given to a top-secret study of U.S. involvement in Vietnam that was published by Robert McNamara -The documents were leaked illegally and the person in charge of the operation wasn't charged for his crime (Daniel Ellsberg) because of Nixon and his "Plumbers" -Nixon's "Plumbers" do a lot of illegal stuff to get Ellsberg, but he can't be prosecuted since Nixon broke the law

Daniel Ellsberg

nan

Paris Peace Agreement

Ends the Vietnam War - 1773 An agreement between the government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, and the United States to bring an end to the Vietnam War. In addition, the United States agreed to the withdrawal of all U.S. troops and advisors and the dismantling of all U.S. bases within 60 days. In return, the North Vietnamese agreed to release all U.S. and other prisoners of war. Treaty that ends the Vietnam War.

Saigon

US Evacuation of Saigon by helicopter in 1975 The capture of ____, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam on April 30, 1975. The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period leading to the formal reunification of Vietnam into a socialist republic, governed by the Communist Party of Vietnam. Last American withdrawal by helicopter. Ford will order 5,000 marines onto Vietnam ground to get all of our allies out; Congress refuses

Civil Rights Act of 64 and the Voting rights act of '65

Civil Rights are still a big issue as the 1960's began; By 1964 2 laws give the movement legal backing -Johnson pushes for these laws

Selma, Alabama

1965, 3 Civil Rights Manches take place in _______: The Third was finally successful.

Newark, NJ

1967 - Race riots erupted after cops shot a 14-year-old boy in the back. The city was looted and burned that summer. Most residents in Newark were black, but the leaders and police force are all white This was in essence a plantation

Tet Offensive

Jan -March 1968 changes the US Public opinion of the war and ends LBJ's presidency

MLK

April 4th, 1968 - _____ was murdered in Memphis, Tenessee. Race Riots erupt in Big Cities nation-wide. 3 Cities have it the worst: New York (Harlem), Detroit, and Los Angeles (Watts) -Indianapolis: People will organize, but Bobby will stop them

RFK

June 6, 1968 ___ is murdered in Los Angeles. Riots escalate in most cities. Humphrey won the Dem. Nomination

Dem Convention

August 1968 - Chicago @ ________ violence erupts as Police brutality is on full display.

"Law & Order & Vietnamization"

November 1968 - Nixon Win! Promised ______________ to end the war gradually

Moon Landing, Woodstock

1969 is marked by 2 distinct Cultural Events: July - ______________________ An Outpouring of Patriotism in the Nation. ____________ - Start of the "hippie" movement Hippies aren't protestors, they are trying to leave society and everything behind

Gerald Ford

Nixon's Second VP, president during the fall of Saigon, pardoned Nixon -Has to deal with the issue of pardoning Nixon; Chooses to do so because the nation needs to move on -The American people will believe it was a deal; It wasn't he was trying to do right

Whip Inflation Now

WIN Program started by Ford that asks Americans to "ration" and cut back. -CPI (Consumer price index) usually goes up by 2% in a normal year - CPI was up by 15% to 20% -The Government was spending money hand over first and taking money from everyone so everything will cost more -Ford has to solve inflation; Tells people to consume less, but the people get angry

Consumer Price Index

CPI -Usually goes up by 2% in a Normal year -went up by 15 to 20% in the 70s

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

OPEC Middle East Cartel that controls a lot of the world's oil supply -US has oil, but we won't use our own -We will go to the Middle East (like Saudia Arabia) and ask to buy oil, wil go to other countries like Jordan (ask for a smaller price), then go to Iran and ask for even less of a price, and then back to the Saudis and ask them for even smaller of a price -Good business practice until the Middle Eastern countries all unit and start charging more money for oil than ever before

Stagflation

The economic condition where prices rise and wages stay the same -This is not inflation; it is much, much, worse

Environmental Protection Agency

EPA Government Agency created by Nixon to regulate pollution.

Energy Crisis

Refers to the high price of gas and oil in the 1970s that led to shortages

Leonid Brehznev

Leader of the Soviet Union in the 70s and early 80s who invaded Afghanistan.

(Strategic Arms Limitation Talks/Treaty

SALT

Strategic Arms Reduction Talks/Treaty

START

SALT/START

Nuclear disarmament treaties between the US and Soviet Union in the 70s and early 80s

Camp David Accords

Peace treaty between Israel and Egypt in 1979 that ends a 30 year war. Carter won the Nobel Peace Prize

Anwar Sadat

President of Egypt who signed Camp David. Murdered shortly thereafter

Afghanistan

Middle Eastern country invaded by the Soviets in 1980. Became Russia's "Vietnam".

Iran Hostage Crisis

When Iran took 400 American hostages. Carter failed to rescue them and it cost him the election.

Equal Right Amendment

ERA Proposed constitutional amendment to give women equal rights under federal law. It failed because conservative women's groups went against it.

Phyllis Schlafly.

Led the opposition against ERA

Title 9

Federal Law that said funding for men's and women's educational programs must be equal.

25th Amendment

Sets up presidential succession; Makes the speaker of the house third in line -Done because of Watergate

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 -Old enough to fight, old enough to vote

Moral Majority

Religious Group started by Jerry Falwell that votes on the basis of social issues; Also known as the Religious Right -Values votes: Vote on social issues, and social issues alone -Three issues: Abortion, LGBTQ+, Evolution vs. Creationism -Shift of the parties: South will become Republicans and the North becomes Democrat -Republicans are for states' rights; Becomes popular in the South

Jerry Falwell

Led the Moral majority

Abortion, LGBTQ+, Evolution vs. Creationism

Three issues of the Moral majority

Malaise

1979 speech by Jimmy Carter, where he says America was facing a crisis of confidence -1970s has been garbage for America -Carter goes on TV and says that the country has been lacking confidence and that the nation needs to bounce back -1980s: American Victory over the Soviets in a Hockey Game will be enough to give America a burst of Patriotism (We are America, and we are good)

Ronald Reagen

First Conservative president in a generation: Called the Soviet Union evil - runs unafraid of the soviets; wants to build missiles -Carter says ______ will get us all killed

Reaganomics

Supply-side economics; Theory that says you raise tax revenue by raising taxes Reagan says, cut taxes for everyone, the poor, the middle, and the rich The Rich create more jobs, those jobs cause more taxes through income tax, and things get better Problem: Reagan wants to build nukes again Solution: Cut down on welfare Plan: The economy must expand, and now you must get a job and try to do better Reagan wants more nukes; the Soviets responded with more nukes: US revenue outlasts the Soviets and they go bankrupt

Iran Contra Affair

Political Scandal in the Us during Reagan's administration. Referred to as McFarlane Affair, the National Security Council (NSC) became involved in secret weapons transactions and other activities that were either prohibited by the U.S. Congress or violated the stated public policy of the government.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet and Russian politician who served as the eighth and final leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.

"Velvet" revolutions

Also known as the Gentle Revolution, the non-violent transition of power in Czechoslovakia, demonstrations against Communist Party, in late November 1989

Op. Desert Storm

Codename for the 1991 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq; liberated by the United States. First successful military operation since Vietnam Where Bush says that America can finally put the ghosts of Vietnam to rest.

Nelson Mandela

President of South Africa during the 1990s; jailed under apartheid and forgave his captors. -Apartheid: Jim Crow on Crack; Racially based system -He went to prison for 25 years, leaves prison, and will not seek revenge on those who imprisoned him -He is interested in reform and peace

Clarence Thomas and Brett Kavanaugh

Supreme Court justices who were nominated to the court with allegations of sexual misconduct; -starts the "Me Too" movement.

Bill Clinton

President during most of the 90s, the second president to be impeached on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice; Advocated for economic and healthcare reform. -First baby boomer to ascend to the White House.

Information Revolution

Refers to the recent social revolution made possible by the development of the microchip in the 1970s, which brought about vast improvements in information management Expanded the economy -Creation of the internet

Rwanda

"Forgotten" genocide of the 1990s; killed five-hundred thousand Africans due to a disagreement between Tutsis (lighter) and Hutus (darker). The United States did nothing -This was a failed opportunity by Clinton to firmly establish the defense of human rights as a basic policy for all international relations. -Lighter-skinned Africans were killed by the darker-skinned ones

Workfare/Crime Bill

Two conservative reforms passed by Clinton in the 1990s -Clinton started to call welfare, "workfare" -You must work to get welfare -The Crime bill said that three felonies and you were imprisoned (8 years)

Timothy McVeigh

First infamous domestic terrorist; Blew up a federal building in Oklahoma city -He was a member of the Michigan militia -He rented a U-haul, filled it up with explosives below the building, and remotely detonates it -⅓ of the building was pretty much gone, including a day care - He believed that the Federal government had gotten to strong, and he wanted to make someone pay -New Face of Terror (not foreign, but one of "us")

Columbine

Colorado site of the first major school shooting in American history 16 will be killed, and 50 were injured America was never the same again The "Columbine" effect

Bush v. Gore

2000s supreme court case where the courts stops the Florida recount and declare Bush winner Ballot was terrible When Gore loses Florida by 500 votes, he demanded a recount Bush asked to stop the recount, and the Court sides with him

George W. Bush

President during the early 2000s and during 9/11 -The country wants revenge due to what happened

Al Queda

The terrorist organization responsible for 9/11, was led by Osama Bin Laden. -Bin Laden was the son of a Saudi Oil man, was wealthy, and was a radical soldier - Still exist today (degraded, but still alive) -Active mostly in Afghanistan

Osama Bin Laden

Leader of Al Qaeda

9-11-01

Date of the worst terrorist attack in American history -Bush had to respond -What to do with the American anger? -The Taliban (Afghanistan) expresses sympathy for the US, but everyone knew Al Queda and Bin Laden had done it -Bush needs a policy to address this

Bush Doctrine

US Foreign Policy reserves the right to attack Terrorists or any country sheltering terrorists. -We don't need sneak attacks; We go in and go big -Bush tells the world that from now on, the Country and the terrorist organization have no distinction -We will go into Afghanistan in 2002, and stay till 2021

patriot act

Passed after 9/11, gives the government additional tools to look into the private lives of American citizens -Passes a whole bunch of new laws -Will prosecute terrorists, but it's controversial -The Federal government (for the first time in the US's history), is collecting metadata -Gov can track your data (key terms and purchases

Iraq War

2003 invasion of Iraq by Bush with mixed success. -Coming off of 9/11, and 1 year of Afghanistan, Bush attack Iraq -Bush argued that Iraq harbored terrorists and Nuclear weapons -He was wrong about it; The dictator of Iraq (Sadam Hussein) didn't want terrorists -US ends up in a civil war between the Sunni vs Shia

Sadam Hussein

The old leader of Iraq who was put on trial for genocide, and crimes against human rights

Darfur

Genocide in Africa, Muslims are murdered

Great Recession

The second worst recession in American history, brought on by the Real Estate bubble -2008 -banks fail -Occupy wall street

Barack Obama

First African-American president; Passed the first national healthcare system in US history -Born in Hawaii, raised mostly by his Grandparents -His mother was always really sick -Was not born into "privilege," but was born "smart" -Remembers fighting with Insurance companies to save his mother's life who had cancer -Also lived the experience of a black man in the US

"Obama Care" (affordable care act)

First national health care system; Force people without insurance to buy it; Expands Medicaid -The income level needed for Medicaid is expanded; The people who can't qualify for it are forced to buy it Individual mandate: YOU MUST BUY HEALTH INSURANCE -Final part: If your company has over 50 full-time employees, you must provide them with full healthcare

Benghazi

Libyan site where the US embassy was destroyed in 2012; Four Americans were killed -Libia is one of the worst terrorist countries in the world The story the media tells is that it was a spontaneous protest that got out of hand; -The Media lies directly to the American public, and so did Obama

Obergefell vs Hodges

2015 supreme court case that legalized same-sex marriage based on the 14th amendment -14th Amendment is used to argue that a person has the "right of liberty" to marry whom they wish -Court Agrees with them (5-4 decision)

Donald Trump

A businessman who became president in 2016; 3rd president in US history to be impeached -Born to a wealthy family (He even admits he was a spoiled brat) -His father will send him to military school (take away his spoiled nature) -One of the few presidents who came out of a business history -He used Social media in a way others had never done so before -Beat Hillary Clinton (she won the popular vote, but he won the electoral college)

Coronavirus

World wide pandemic started in 2019; Killed over 1 million Americans Once in a 100-year event Put the world into a Quarantine; US was not ready

George Floyd

African American murdered by the Minneapolis Police in 2020 -officer was convicted of murder

January 6, 2021

Date of a riot at the US capital by Trump Supporters who believed the 2020 election was fraudulent Trump went to court over 60 times to prove fraud; 0 for 60

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI/Star Wars)

SDI US space defense program. Russian missiles would be detected and shot down from space before they ever reached the US. Now the US could fire back at the Russians and they couldn't do anything about it.

LBJ

President from 1963 - 1969: Gulf Tonkin Resolution Vietnam Civil Rights act of 1964 Voting act of 1965

Nixon

1969 - 1974 Moon landing Vietnam (Vietnamization) WoodStock Watergate Environmental protection agency

Gerald Ford

President from 1974-1977 Saigon Whip Inflation Now (WIN) Pardoned Nixon

Jimmy Carter

1977-1981 Stagflation Malaise Energy Crisis Iran hostage Crisis Camp David Accords (+ Nobel prize)

Ronald Reagan

1980-1988 Iran Contra Affair Reagonomics Strategic Defense Initiative End of the Soviets