Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide

Practice flashcards covering nutrition, metabolism, thyroid function, cellular transport, and dermatology topics from the lecture transcript.

Carbohydrates

A macronutrient that provides $4\,kcal/g$ of energy.

Protein

A macronutrient that provides $4\,kcal/g$ of energy.

Fat

A macronutrient that provides $9\,kcal/g$ of energy.

Alcohol

A substance containing $7\,kcal/g$ of energy.

Calorie

The amount of heat necessary to raise $1\,kg$ of water.

Joules

The international unit used to measure energy.

Macronutrients

Nutrients required in large amounts that provide energy, specifically carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Micronutrients

Nutrients like vitamins (calcium, iron, and zinc) that are required in small amounts and do not provide energy.

Energy density

A measure of food containing a high concentration of energy.

Nutrient density

A measure of food containing a high concentration of vitamins and minerals.

Empty calories

A type of food, such as candy or potato chips, that is the opposite of nutrient-dense food.

Infancy

A growth period stage in life that lasts from $0$ to $1\,year$.

Childhood

A growth period stage in life that lasts from $1$ to $10\,years$.

Adolescent

A growth period stage in life associated with puberty.

Thyroid gland

A gland that produces $T3$ and $T4$ hormones to regulate metabolism, growth, and body temperature.

Tachycardia

A condition noted by an elevated heart rate that can be caused by the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism

A disorder characterized by low thyroid hormone and a slow metabolism.

Hyperthyroidism

A disorder characterized by high thyroid hormone and high metabolism, often leading to weight loss.

Synthroid

A medication used for hypothyroidism that the book recommends taking $1$ to $2\,hours$ before or after meals.

Active transport

A cellular process that requires $ATP$ for energy.

Pinocytosis

Also known as cell drinking or engulfing, it is a process that requires $ATP$.

Simple diffusion

A transport process that requires no energy or $ATP$.

Facilitated diffusion

A transport process that does not require energy.

Krebs Cycle

A metabolic process associated with respirations.

Herpes zoster

Commonly known as shingles, it is caused by varicella and lays dormant on a nerve track.

Shingles Antiviral Window

The timeframe of $72\,hours$ within which antiviral medication should be given to reduce symptom severity.

Vitiligo

A condition characterized by white patches on the skin, mouth corners, and bones.

Wood lamp

A light device used to detect certain skin infections and pigment changes, which makes infected hairs appear blue-green.

Urticaria

The medical term for hives.

Keloids

Raised, thick scars that can develop after skin injuries.

Malignant Melanoma

A serious type of skin cancer mentioned as a critical topic for review.

Rule of Nines

A method used to calculate the percentage of body surface area affected by burns using values like $4.5\%$, $9\%$, and $18\%$.

Wound Debridement

The process of removing dead or damaged tissue from a wound to assist in healing.

Dressings

Wound coverings that include types such as hydrocolloid, foam, and hydrogel.