Battle of Little Bighorn

Plains Indians location

Great Plains from Canada to Texas

Apache & Comanche

Lived in Texas and Oklahoma

Cheyenne & Arapaho

Lived across the central Plains

Pawnee

Lived in Nebraska

Sioux

Largest and most powerful tribe in the north

Plains Indian population by 1850

About 75

Plains Indians survival

Horse and buffalo

Gold discovered in Colorado (1858)

Led to miners invading Indian land

U.S. treaties with Plains Indians

Often broken quickly

Treaty of Fort Laramie

First major treaty with Plains Indians

Treaty of Fort Atkinson

Allowed forts and roads on Indian land

Reservations

Land set aside for Native Americans

Why Indians resisted reservations

Did not want to leave hunting grounds

Treaty of Medicine Lodge

Forced southern Plains Indians onto reservations

Comanche outcome

Starved into surrender

Bozeman Trail

Route used by miners through Sioux land

Red Cloud

Led attacks against U.S. forts

Crazy Horse

Led attack killing 81 cavalry troops

Second Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)

U.S. abandoned forts and closed trail

Battle of Little Bighorn

Conflict between U.S. army and Sioux

George A. Custer

Led U.S. troops at Little Bighorn

Cause of conflict

Gold found in Black Hills

Sitting Bull

Sioux leader who resisted U.S. demands

Custer’s Last Stand

Sioux victory killing Custer and troops

American response

Began “total warfare” against Sioux

Massacre at Wounded Knee

U.S. killed about 150 Lakota Sioux

Significance of Wounded Knee

Last major Plains conflict

Navajo homeland

Arizona and New Mexico

Navajo resistance

Refused reservation life

The Long Walk

Forced 300-mile march of Navajo

Geronimo

Apache leader who resisted U.S.

End of Apache resistance

1886 surrender

Chief Joseph

Led Nez Perce trying to escape to Canada

Ghost Dance

Religious movement by Wovoka

Ghost Dance belief

Buffalo would return and whites would leave

Ghost Dance shirts

Believed to stop bullets

Sarah Winnemucca

Worked to reform reservation system

Dawes Act goal

Assimilate Native Americans into white culture

Dawes Act effect

Broke up tribal land ownership

Land lost by Native Americans

About 2/3 of reservation land

Buffalo Soldiers

African American cavalry units

Second Industrial Revolution

Rapid manufacturing growth in late 1800s

Bessemer Process

Faster and cheaper steel production

Impact of steel

More railroads built

Oil boom cause

Kerosene and new uses for oil

Electric light bulb

Invented by Thomas Edison

Electric systems

Developed by Edison and Westinghouse

Telephone

Patented by Alexander Graham Bell (1876)

Telephone advantage

Easier than telegraph communication

Henry Ford

Used assembly line to make cars affordable

Wright brothers

Built and flew first airplane (1903)

Corporations

Businesses owned by shareholders

Stock shares

Ownership portions of a company

Andrew Carnegie

Built largest steel company

Vertical integration

Owning all steps of production

John D. Rockefeller

Owned Standard Oil

Horizontal integration

Buying out competitors

Trusts

Companies controlled by one board

Leland Stanford

Railroad builder and founder of Stanford University

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest applied to business

Monopoly

Complete control of a market

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Made monopolies illegal

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Established “separate but equal”

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Overturned segregation