Saudi Pediatric Board Exam Part 1 Review

Flashcards covering high-yield pediatric board exam concepts including genetics, dermatology, emergency medicine, and subspecialty clusters.

Systemic-onset Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (sJIA)

A condition characterized by spiking fevers, a salmon-colored rash, arthritis, hepatosplenomegaly, and thrombocytosis as a marker of systemic inflammation.

Anaphylaxis Management (First-line)

Immediate administration of intramuscular (IM) Adrenaline (Epinephrine) at a dose of $0.01\,mg/kg$ of 1:1,000 ($0.01\,mL/kg$).

Hurler syndrome (MPS I)

A lysosomal storage disorder characterized by developmental delay, coarse facies, hepatosplenomegaly, and corneal clouding.

Hunter syndrome (MPS II)

An X-linked recessive disorder presenting with coarse facies and developmental delay, but notably lacking the corneal clouding found in Hurler syndrome.

Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)

A chromosomal anomaly characterized by microcephaly, clenched fists with overlapping fingers, rocker bottom feet, and cardiac defects like VSD.

Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome)

A chromosomal anomaly with features including holoProsencephaly, cleft liP and Palate, Polydactyly, Polycystic kidney disease, and cutis aPlasia.

Drug-induced lupus (DIL)

A condition often caused by isoniazid (INH) or hydralazine, presenting with a positive ANA titer and anti-histone antibodies, but typically negative anti-dsDNA.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (21-hydroxylase deficiency)

The most common form of CAH, resulting in virilization of 46 XX infants, elevated $17-OHP$, and potential salt-wasting crises.

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Profile

Presents with macrocytic anemia, glossitis, and neurological signs like hypotonia or delayed milestones; confirmed by decreased B12 and increased methylmalonic acid.

Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency)

A condition causing perifollicular hemorrhages, bleeding gums, pseudoparalysis, and ecchymoses due to impaired collagen cross-linking.

Lead Poisoning Laboratory Findings

Characterized by microcytic hypochromic anemia, lead lines on long bone X-rays (dense bands at the metaphyses), and increased venous lead levels.

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)

An IgA-mediated leukocytoclastic vasculitis presenting with palpable purpura, arthralgia, abdominal pain, and renal involvement without thrombocytopenia.

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP)

A mechanical ventilation setting used to improve oxygenation by re-expanding alveoli and reducing shunting in patients with desaturation and crackles.

Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Presents in infants aged 2–8 weeks with non-bilious projectile vomiting, an olive-shaped epigastric mass, and hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis.

Foreign Body Aspiration (FBA)

Characterized by sudden-onset coughing, unilateral wheezing, and asymmetrical hyperinflation on chest X-ray; managed via rigid bronchoscopy.

Amphetamine Intoxication

A sympathomimetic toxidrome presenting with agitation, tachycardia, hypertension, sweating (diaphoresis), and mydriasis (dilated pupils).

Long QT Syndrome

A cardiac conduction disorder with a QTc interval $>460\,ms$ in children, carrying a high risk for torsades de pointes and sudden cardiac arrest.

Mastoiditis

A complication of acute otitis media presenting with fever, ear pain, postauricular erythema, and posterior displacement of the auricle (protruding pinna).

G6PD Deficiency Hemolysis Triggers

Acute oxidative hemolysis caused by triggers such as fava beans, infections, or drugs like nitrofurantoin, characterized by Heinz bodies and bite cells.

Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

A pediatric overgrowth syndrome characterized by macroglossia, organomegaly (hepatomegaly), neonatal hypoglycemia, and abdominal wall defects like umbilical hernia.

Tinea Capitis First-line Treatment

Systemic antifungal therapy using oral Griseofulvin ($20–25\,mg/kg/day$ for 6–8 weeks) to penetrate the hair shaft.

Koplik Spots

Small, bluish-white papules on an erythematous base found on the buccal mucosa, pathognomonic for Measles and appearing 1–2 days before the rash.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Criteria

Blood glucose $>200\,mg/dL$ ($11.1\,mmol/L$), moderate to large ketones in urine, and an anion gap metabolic acidosis.

Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis

The gold standard is a sweat chloride test result $\ge 60\,mmol/L$ or identification of two pathogenic CFTR mutations.

Kartagener Syndrome

A subset of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) featuring a triad of bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis, and situs inversus.

Infectious Mononucleosis (EBV) Laboratory Hallmark

The presence of atypical lymphocytosis ($>10\%$ atypical CD8+ T lymphocytes) on a peripheral blood smear.

Craniopharyngioma

A suprasellar mass arising from Rathke's pouch remnants, often causing bitemporal hemianopia and central diabetes insipidus (ADH deficiency).

Pseudotumor Cerebri (IIH)

Characterized by papilledema and elevated lumbar puncture opening pressure ($>250\,mmH_2O$) with normal CSF composition and brain imaging.

IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)

The most common glomerulonephritis in children, presenting as gross hematuria 3–5 days after an upper respiratory tract infection.

Kawasaki Disease (CRASH and Burn)

A medium-vessel vasculitis diagnosed by fever $\ge 5$ days plus Conjunctivitis, Rash, Adenopathy, Strawberry tongue/lip changes, and Hand/foot edema/erythema.

Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

A condition caused by zinc deficiency (inherited or acquired) presenting with chronic diarrhea, alopecia, and periorificial/acral dermatitis.

Choanal Atresia

A congenital nasal obstruction where the neonate presents with cyanosis during feeding that improves when crying.

Subgaleal Hemorrhage

A life-threatening birth trauma where blood accumulates between the scalp aponeurosis and periosteum, crossing suture lines.