Lab exam #4 week 11-14 Histology and Electroencephalogram + Hearing and Visual tests

Neurosoma

cell body of a neuron

Axon

singular long extension of nerve fiber

Myelin sheath gap

space between axons

Epineurium

outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire nerve

Perineurium

middle layer of connective tissue that holds the fascicles together

Fascicle

bundles of muscle fibers wrapped around each other

Endoneurium

innermost layer containing the schwann cells myelinating individual nerve fibers

Myelinated sheath

composed of 80% lipids and 20% proteins and acts as a specialized membrane

Alpha waves

frequency 8-13 Hz

calm alertness - a relaxed but awake mental state

upregulation: relaxation, reduced stress/anxiety, mental calmness, improved emotional stability

downregulation: anxiety, hyperarousal, difficulty relaxing, stress-related tension

Beta waves

highest frequency 13-30 Hz, with active, alert thinking, logical reasoning, problem solving, and concentration (fast, active)

upregulation: increased alertness, focused attention, fast thinking

downregulation: low energy, reduced concentration, mental fog, slower processing

Theta waves

frequency 4-8 Hz

light sleep, deep relaxation, creativity, meditation

upregulation: increased creativity, enhanced nutrition, relaxed state, daydreaming

downregulation: reduced imagination, difficulty relaxing, less access to subconscious processing

Delta waves

 slowest frequency 0.5-4 Hz

deep, restorative sleep

upregulation: deep sleep, physical healing, immune system support, appear in some brain injuries

downregulation: poor sleep quality, reduced restorative sleep, difficulty with physical recovery, sleep disturbances

Gray matter

brain and spinal cord tissue that is gray consists mainly of neuronal cell bodies (nuclei) and lacks myelinated axons

White matter

Whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths.

Central canal

center of gray commissure

Posterior horns

Anterior horns

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

parathyroid gland

Thymus

Pancreas

Pancreatic Islet

Follicular cells

In thyroid gland

Colloid filled follicle

In thyroid gland

Oxyphil cells

In parathyroid gland

Principal cells

In parathyroid gland

Adrenal gland

At top of each kidney

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Adrenal medulla

Cornea

the clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

Lens

focuses light on the retina

Choroid

dark pigmentation, blocks light from coming through

Retina

inside lining around back of eye (specialized cells are here)

Optic Disc

blind spot

Taste buds

sensory organs in the mouth that contain the receptors for taste

Taste pores

very small openings in the top of the taste buds through which gustatory hairs project

Foliate papilla

side of tongue

pyramidal neuron

Blind Spot test

bringing something closer to view to see when you cannot see it anymore in one eye while covering other eye

Depth Perception Test

focusing on something (pen) and back of room

Webers Test

hearing loss on one ear versus the other

Rinne Test

hit the tuning fork behind your ear and you hold it there until you can't hear it anymore

Sensorineural deafness

deafness that usually results from damage to the inner ear or to the auditory nerve

Conduction deafness

hearing loss due to problems with the bones of the middle ear

Bone - conductance

sound conducted as subtle vibration along the bones to the inner ear housing the organs of hearing and balance

Air conductance

uses the apparatus of the ear (pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane, and ossicles) to amplify and direct the sound