KIN3320 Week 1

Levels of Organization

Chemical or Molecular level

Cellular Level

Tissue Level

Organ Level

Organ System Level

Organism

Identify/list the 11 organ systems and Organs within them.

• Integumentary

  • Skin, arrector pili muscles, nails and glands

• Lymphatic 

  • Vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland

• Respiratory

  • Lungs and bronchioles, trachea, nasal cavity, sinuses, larynx

• Digestive

  • Stomach, SI and LI, liver and gallbladder, pancreas, esophagus, mouth, salivary glands

• Nervous

  • Brain, Spinal Cord Tracts, Peripheral Nerves, Special Senses

• Endocrine

  • Glands, gonads

• CVD

  • Heart, arteries and veins, capillaries

• Urinary

  • Kidneys, bladder, ureters and urethra

• Reproductive

  • Testes and ovaries, prostate, epididymis, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, labia and clitoris, mammary glands

• Skeletal 

  • Bone, cartilage, bone marrow

• Muscular

  • Muscles and tendons

Describe their major functions of the 11 organ systems

Integumentary

• Protects against environmental hazards, controls temperature (thermal regulation)

Skeletal

• Supports and protects soft tissues stores minerals; forms blood;

Muscular 

• Provides movement and support, generates heat

Nervous

• Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems (the short one)

Endocrine

• Directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems (LONGER)

Cardiovascular

• Distribute cells and dissolved materials, including, nutrients, wastes and gases

Lymphatic

• Defends against infection and disease

Respiratory

• Delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood

Digestive

• Processes and digests food; absorbs nutrients; stores energy reserves

Urinary

• Eliminates excess water, salts and wastes; controls pH; regulates blood pressure

Reproductive

• Produces sex cells and hormones

Identify/describe abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

• 4 Quadrants, Right and Left Upper and Lower Quadrants

• Epigastric Region, Umbilical , Hypogastric

• Right and Left hypochondriac regions

• Right and left lumbar regions

• Right and left inguinal regions

Identify/describe McBurney’s point and its significance.

• a point on the anterior abdominal which is ⅓ of the distance along a line from the right anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)  to the umbilicus (belly button) 

• Located in hypogastric region

What’s in the thoracic cavity?

Thoracic Cavity

• Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm

  • Pleural Cavity

    • Left Pleural Cavity: Left lung

    • Right Pleural Cavity: Right lung

  • Mediastinum

    • Contains trachea, esophagus and major vessels

  • Pericardial Cavity

    • Contains heart

      • Visceral and parietal layer of serous pericardium to stop friction between pericardial cavity and space

What’s part of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Peritoneal Cavity: the potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum

• Closed up when inflamed, and can expand

Abdominal Cavity

• Peritoneal cavity (space between visceral and parietal peritoneum)

• Digestive organs and glands

Pelvic Cavity

• Bladder, reproductive organs, some digestive

Explain/describe pericarditis and peritonitis.

• Pericarditis

  • Inflammation of pericardium

• Peritonitis

  • Inflammation of peritoneum (visceral layer first, parietal last)

Friction is created between organ systems, creates rebound pain.

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

• Protection (resists friction / abrasion, pressure)

  • Stops things from going into skin

• Excretion (sweat glands, wastes, water)

• Immunity (shield to pathogens, immune cells: phagocytes which eat bacteria)

• Sensation (Transmitting info from external environment)

• Synthesis of Vitamin D3

• Lipid Storage

• Thermoregulation

What differs exocrine gland from endocrine glands?

Exocrines have ducts while endocrines are ductless.

What are the 4 cell types in the epidermis?

• Keratinocytes: produce keratin making skin water resistant

• Melanocytes: produces melanin; pigment as protection for UV radiation

  • Protects DNA in nucleus creating a shade

• Merkel Cells

  • Responsible for detecting light touch, then releases chemical to stimulate nerves

• Langerhans

  • Work in immune function

What are the epidermal ridges?

• Senses Epidermis to dermis and makes fingerprints, stays the same unless damaged

  • Amplified sound and increases surface area.

What contributes to skin colour?

• Hyperemia: skin is red due to an increase in blood

• Reynodes: Hyperemic appearance due to temperature causing vasoconstriction

• Cyanosis: blue fingertips due to cardiovascular issues or issues in blood O2

• Carotene: dyes skin orange from eating too many carrotes

• Jaundice: makes skin yellow, breakdown of RBC’s from billirubin buildup

• Tan: cellular damage darker skin results in more melanin (no increase in melanocytes, just increased production)

What is part of the dermal papillary layer?

• Dermal papillae

• Attachment for epidermis

• Blood and lymph vessels and nerve fibers

What is part of the reticular layer?

• Blood and lymphatic vessels

• Hair follicles

• Nerves

• Sweat and sebaceous glands

What does hair function to do?

• Thermoregulation, early warning system in terms of touch sensation

What are the 4 primary tissue types?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous

Extracellular matrix makes up tissues.

What are epithelial tissues?

• Sheets of cells that cover exposed body surfaces and line internal cavities and passageways. Avascular, organized in sheets and highly regenerative.

  • Functions to protect, control permeability (since it is flat and thin it allows for diffusion), sensation (neuroepithelia), specialized secretions (glandular epithelium)

  • The apical surface (top), lateral surface (sides), basal surface (in contact with the basement membrane)

What is cilia?

• membrane extensions that move material over the cell surface important for detecting things, mobile

• You’d find this in the respiratory tract primarily

What is microvilli?

• membrane extensions containing microfilaments, increasing surface area, non motile

• Found primarily in the digestive tract

• Note that both microvilli and cilia are located on the apical surface of the cell.

How do we classify epithelial tissue?

• Shape of Cell: Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

• Number of Layers: Simple (1 layer) , Stratified (mult. layers) and Pseudostratified

• We describe and classify based on the top surface, regardless of the structure on the basal layer

Where can you find Squamous tissue?

Simple Squamous: lines peritoneal cavity, flat top (Flattened nuclei)

Stratified Squamous: Anal canal, mouth, ears (keratinized and not keratinized: makes skin more water repellent), flat top but with multiple layers

Where can you find cuboidal tissues?

Simple Cuboidal: Glands, ducts, nephron tubules

Stratified Cuboidal: Sweat and mammary gland ducts

Where can you find columnar tissue?

Simple Columnar

• Stomach, intestinal tract, uterine tubes, excretory ducts

Stratified Columnar

• Pharynx, urethra, anus, excretory ducts

Where can you find pseudostratified and transitional tissues?

Pseudostratified 

• Nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, male reproductive tract

Transitional (Balloons)

• Urinary bladder, renal pelvis (kidney), ureters

How do we differ types of secretion glands?

• Exocrine (ducts)

  • Serous: watery fluids; salivary glands

  • Mucosal: respiratory tract; goblet cells

  • Mixed

• Endocrine

  • Secretes directly into interstitial space around the gland, which then diffuses into the body

Structure:

• Unicellular (goblet cell)

• Multicellular (have ducts) 

What are the different methods of secretion?

• Merocrine (most common; salivary)

• Apocrine (mammary) top of cell breaks off and repairs

• Holocrine (Sebaceous (oil) glands) , rupturing and bursts to area 

What is connective tissue made out of?

Cells, Fibers and Ground Substance

What are the 3 main types of CT?

CT Proper:

• Loose: Fibers create loose, open framework

  • Areolar, adipose, reticular

• Dense: Fibers are densely packed

  • Regular, irregular, elastic

Fluid CT 

• Blood:contained in CV system, Lymph:lymphatic system

Supporting CT

• Cartilage: solid rubbery matrix

  • Hyaline, elastic and fibrous

• Bone: Solid crystalline matrix

What is found in the CT Proper?

• Cells:

  • Fibroblasts (supports in structure) , fibrocytes (maintain internal env of CT) , fixed macrophages (Engulf foreign bacteria), adipocytes (areolar CT, adipose), mesenchymal cells (Cell that differentiates into another cell when necessary, sort of like a satellite), melanocytes (secrete melanin) 

  • Wandering (only when needed) : Free macrophage, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils (WBC’s, inflammation and immune response)

• Fibers

  • Collagen (tensile strength) , Reticular (Structural support) , Elastic (elasticity) secreted by Fibroblasts

What is found in the fluid CT?

Cells:

• RBC, WBC, Platelets, 

• Lymphocytes, Macrophages (found in both blood and lymph)

Fluid Matrix (cells similar, fluid remains different) 

• Plasma (blood)

• Lymphatic fluid (from ISF) 

What is found in the supporting CT?

Cells: 

• Chondrocytes, osteocytes (bone)

Matrix:

• Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, ground substance, Collagen fibers (bone), calcium salts (bone)

• Hyaline: Semilunar, small moons

• Fibrocartilage: Lines that are fibres

• Elastic: Chondrocytes present and elastic fibres

How do we differentiate the muscles?

• Skeletal

  • Multinucleated; peripheral, round cells, similar size, striated

• Cardiac 

  • Single nucleus;central, branched various sizes, striated

• Smooth

  • Single nucleus;central, spindle shaped; various sizes, not striated

How do we differentiate nervous tissue?

• Neurons: functional cell of NS

• Neuroglia: Support cells for neurons and NS