STS 1 - LE 2

Prokaryotic cells

These cells typically do not have an intracellular membrane.

Magnetotactic bacteria

It is considered an anomaly since it does not follow the typical structure of prokaryotic cells.

Magnetotactic bacteria

These are organisms produces intracellular magnets.

Richard Blakemore

Magnetotactic bacteria was discovered accidentally in 1975 by who?

1. Spirillum

2. Oblong

What are the shapes that magnetotactic bacteria typically come in?

1. Magnetite

2. Greigite

These are the magnetic particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria.

1. Bullet-shaped

2. Irregular shapes

3. Hexagonal

These are the typical shapes of magnetic particles.

Synthetically, Biogenically

The shapes (bullet, irregular, and hexagons) of the magnetic particles cannot be produced _____, and can only be produced _____.

Membrane

Magnetic particles produced by magnetotactic bacteria is surrounded or enclosed in what?

Magnetite

If we are only considering the magnetic particle produced, it is called what?

Magnetosome

If we are considering both the magnetic particle produced and the enclosing membrane, it is called what?

1. Magnetonavigation

2. Magnetoreception

These are the two reasons why magnetotactic bacteria produce magnets.

Magnetoreception

This is a sensory ability in various animals—including birds, fish, and insects—that enables them to detect Earth's magnetic field for orientation.

Magnetonaviagtion

This is the bacteria being able to use and align with the Earth’s magnetic field lines for navigation.

1. Low to no oxygen environment

2. High-iron environment

These are the conditions that need to be met in order for magnetosomes to form.

Oxic-anoxic transition zone (OATZ)

What does OATZ mean?

Oxic-anoxic transition zone (OATZ)

It is the zone where there is very little to no oxygen presnet.

Magnetotactic bacteria

They are found in a wide array of aquatic environments (freshwater, brackish, mine tailings, marine environments) because they possess a unique survival mechanism that works in nearly any chemically stratified water column or sediment.

1. Micro aerobe

2. Strict anaerobe

3. Facultative anaerobe

These are the behaviors that magnetotactic bacteria can take.

Micro aerobe

A behavior exhibited by microorganism where it can tolerate small amounts of oxygen.

Strict anaerobe

This a behavior seen in microorganisms were they strictly require no oxygen, and will perish if exposed to oxygen.

Facultative anaerobe

A behavior of microorganisms where they can survive in both oxygenated and low to no oxygen environments.

1. Ferrous

2. Ferric

What are the types of iron environments?

Ferrous

This is an environment where iron is ready of uptake and simply diffuses across the cell membrane.

Ferric

This is a type of iron environment where ferric iron is collected and transported by siderophores to its designated receptors.

Siderophore

This is produced under iron-limiting conditions

Siderophore

This is the enzyme that transports ferric iron into a cell.

Upregulated genes

When cells (e.g. magnetotactic bacteria )are fed with high iron concentration?

No gene is expressed

When cells (e.g. magnetotactic bacteria )are fed with low iron concentration?

1. Extracellular products

2. Isolated magnetosome particles

3. The whole living cell

What are the biotechnological products that can be obtained from the magnetotactic bacteria?

200x more

How much iron can magnetotactic bacteria can take compared to regular bacteria?

1. Collection of sediments in a jar

2. Attach a magnet to the jar, and wait for a week

3. Transfer collected particles into a capillary racetrack

4. Add a magnet to one end to collect the magnetotactic bacteria

What are the steps for isolating magnetotactic bacteria?

Capillary racetrack

This is where the magnetotactic baceria is collected after it was separated from sediments.

5th

What is the Philippines rank in world in terms of mineral richness?

Copper-gold

What mineral deposits does the Philippines have that is regarded as the largest in the world?

1. Landslides

2. Acidic mine tailings

3. Environmental destruction

4. Health problems

What are the consequences of mining?

ALH84001

What is the name of the Martian meteorite that had magnetofossils in it?

Magnetofossil

What was found in the Martian meteorite ALH84001?

Antartica

Where was the meteorite ALH8400 found?

1. Bring national and economic gain

2. Protect and preserve the environment

What are some ways for companies to achieve responsible mining?

Mine tailings

These are residual waters coming from mine operations.

Mine tailings

Waters that contain particles, and processing reagents used to extract minerals from ores.

1. Government was part-owner of the mines

2. Mining companies had to clean and restore the ecology of minin sites

What made mining in Chile responsible?

17 years

What is the maximum years before resources in mining sites are exhausted?

Garbology

This is the study of modern culture thru analysis of what is thrown away as garbage.

1. Rapid urbanization

2. Changing lifestyles

3. Consumption patterns

4. Public indifference

5. Spiraling population growth rates

What are some factors contributing to improper solid waste management?

National Capital Region (NCR)

Among the 16 regions in the Philippines, it is responsible for 23% of the waste generated in the country.

1. Disease and epidemics

2. Floods

3. Landslides

What are the consequences of improper waste management?

Cone snails

These are organisms that make use of a proboscis to cach prey.

Proboscis

This is the organ of cone snails that are equipped with a harpoon-like mechanisms in order to catch prey.

1. Mouth enlargement

2. Harpoon proboscis

3. Venom emission

What are other hunting strategies of other cone snail species employ to catch its prey.

Mouth enlargement

A hunting strategy where cone snails enlarge their mouths to mimic hiding spots for small fishes.

This is a hunting strategy where cone snails emit its venom in its surroundings to paralyze its prey.

Conotoxin

This is the venom used be cone snails to paralyze its prey

Dr. Baldimero “Toto“ Olivera

The conotoxin was discovered by?

Conotokin

The original term for conotoxin, where its root word came from the Filipino word antukin because when rats where injected with it, they became sleepy.

Primary Alternative to morphine

What does the acronym Prialt mean?

Ziconotide

A peptide that was accidentally discovered by a student of Dr. Olivera.

Prialt

This is the product trade name of ziconotide.

Michael McIntosh

Who accidentally discovered the peptide ziconotide?

Conotoxin

What does cone snail venom contain that can paralyze fish muscles?

Block the calcium receptors at the motor synapse of the muscle of a fish.

How does conotoxins paralyze fish?

1. Electric signals reach the synapse

2. Calcium channels open

3. Calcium ions enter

4. Calcium ions trigger vesicle fusion

5. Vesicles release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

6. Acetylcholine binds to sodium receptors

7. Sodium ions enter the opened sodium receptor

8. Electrical signals are generated in the muscle

9. Movement occurs

Enumerate the process of the synaptic event (8).

Because the calcium channels in fish are prial-sensitive, which are blocked by prialt.

Why does prialt cause muscle paralysis in fish?

Pain pathway calcium channels in the spinal cord

What does prialt block in humans and mice?

Because the calcium channels of humans and mice are prialt-resistant, which prialt is unable to block.

Why do humans and mice not experience muscle paralysis when prialt is in their bodies?

Prialt

It is a paralytic agent in fish, while it is an analgesic for humans.

Prialt

This is the non-narcotic substitute to morphine.

25

Prialt has how many amino-acid sequence?

Makes it easy to synthesize in the lab

What is the implication for Prialt’s short amino-acid sequence.

How many

1. Cone snail species exist

2. Peptide toxins does each specie have

3. Potential drugs can be made