AP Psych U10

Eustress

positive motivating stress

Distress

negative harmful stress

Adverse childhood experiences

trauma experienced during childhood that can have lasting effects on development and well-being

general adaptation syndrome

physical process where we respond to stress full events using alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

alarm

body in an survival state, increased heart rate, blood pressure, fight or flight

resistance

body adapts and resists stress which releases more stress hormones

exhaustion

body depleted from fighting stress, irritable, fatigued, weakened immune response

problem focused coping

identifying source of stress directly aiming to change the situation or eliminate the stressor

emotion focused coping

regulating and managing the emotional response to stress rather than direct problem

tend and befriend

alternative to fight or flight where social support and nurture is sought out during stress

positive psychology

branch of psychology that focuses on strengths, resilience, and well-being

resilience

process of adapting well in face of adversity

subjective well being

indvidual’s personal assessment of their overall life satisfaction

post traumatic growth

individuals experiencing positive changes and personal growth following a traumatic event

diathesis stress model

model that predicts that psychological disorders develop due to a combination of diathesis and stress

diathesis

underlying vulnerability(genetic, biological, psychological)

stress

environmental factors or life events that can trigger onset of a disorder

biopsychosocial model

model that predicts that psychological disorders arise due to a combination of biological, social, and sociological stressors

psychological disorder

conditions characterized by abnormal thoughts feelings and behaviors

level of dysfunction

how much a disorder impacts a person’s daily life

perception of distress

emotional or psychological pain

deviation from social norms

how much behavior different from what’s considered normal and socially acceptable

DSM

diagnostic and statistical manual of psychological disorders

anorexia and bulimia nervosa

eating disorders that alters consumption or absorption of food that impairs psychological functioning and health

neurodevelopmental disorders

conditions originating in childhood that impair development and cause CNS abnormalities

Autism spectrum disorder

characterized by individual having social communication difficulties and restrictive and repetitive behaviors

Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder→AD(H)D

persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development

Attention deficit

trouble sustaining attention, listening, following through, and organization

hyperactivity

fidgets, squirms, acts out, runs on a motor

applied behavior analysis (ABA)

behavior therapy where goal is to see an increase on positive behaviors and decrease in negative behaviors

token economy

using tangible objects as a reward for exhibiting positive behavior

schizophrenia

psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotional responsiveness, behavior, hallucinations, and delusions

acute schizophrenia

having a sudden onset, short in duration, high intensity

chronic schizophrenia

persistent or progressive, over long period of time, resistant to cure

paranoid delusions

persecution

delusions of grandeur

belief in exceptional abilities or status

disorganized thinking/speech

incoherent fragmented thought processes resulting in disorganized speech

disorganized motor behavior

abnormal movements and behavior

catatonic excitement

periods of extreme restlessness with excessive and purposeless movement

catatonic stupor

significantly decreased reactivity to environmental stimuli and events

flat affect

diminished emotional responses

causes of schizophrenia

genetics, biological, environmental, sociocultural

psychoactive medication

interacts with different neurotransmitters in CNS to address biomedical causes

antipsychotic medication

influences dopamine levels in brain to reduce symptoms of schizophrenia

tardive dyskinesia

side effect of antipsychotic medication that is a movement disorder

depressive disorders

negative emotional states that interfere with a person’s ability to function

Major depressive Disorder

intense sadness for 2 weeks or more

persistent depressive disorder

less intense form of depression that lasts for at least 2 years

Bipolar disorder

mood swinging between depression and mania

mania

hyperactive elated state

Bipolar 1

intense periods of mania and depression

Bipolar 2

less intense but longer periods of mania and depression

cognitive therapy

recognizing and correcting negative thoughts and breaking down problems to become more manageable

cognitive triad

identifying and challenging negative thoughts and aiming to promote a more balanced and realistic thinking

Biomedical therapy

using medications(antidepressiants, antipsychotics) to treat mood disorders

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

using electric shocks to change brain chemistry

anxiety disorders

characterized as concern for future, fear of present events, symptoms are psychological and physiological

generalized anxiety disorder

continually apprehensive, in state of ANS arousal

panic disorder

experiencing a panic attack, fearing future panic attacks

ataque de nervios→attack of nerves

sudden onset of intense anxiety and distress

phobia

persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific object, activity, or situation

Social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations

taijin kyofusho

fear of social anxiety characterized by intense fear of offending or embarrassing others through perceived flaws or shortcomings

aversive conditioning

pair a habit with an unpleasant stimulus

systematic desensitization

facing fears and relaxation in an anxiety hierarchy

biofeedback

using sensors to monitor physiological responses to provide real time feedback to learn to control responses and reduce symptoms

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations where it would be difficult to escape, loss of control

maladaptive thinking

negative cognitive thinking patterns that hinder an individual's ability to adjust to situations

cognitive restructuring

technique used to identify and replace maladaptive thoughts with more realistic positive beliefs

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

procedure that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate or suppress specific brain regions

Lesioning

intentional, surgical destruction or removal of specific brain tissue to study its function or treat severe disorders

Lobotomy

form of psychosurgery that severs nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the brain

obsessions

unwanted, repetitive thoughts or urges that cause anxiety

compulsions

repetitive actions performed that help person reduce anxiety caused by obsessions

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder(OCD)

anxiety related disorder where person has obsession that cause compulsions

Post-traumatic Stress disorder(PTSD)

Occurs after a person experiences a traumatic event, symptoms last for at least one month

hoarding

difficulty discarding possessions regardless of their actual value, leads to accumulation of clutter

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy(CBT)

challenges illogical thinking patterns by exploring and replacing illogical beliefs

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy

direct approach that challenges irrational thoughts directly

Dialect Behavior Therapy(DBT)

Talk therapy to learn to accept difficult emotions and behaviors while working towards positive change. 

DIssociative disorder

involuntary escape from reality with disconnections between thoughts, identity, and consciousness

Dissociative amnesia

difficulty remembering important information about oneself

Dissociative Identity Disorder

alternating between two or more distinct personalities

free association

patients are encouraged to express any thoughts, words, or images that come to mind without censorship, aiming to uncover unconscious processes

dream analysis

psychotherapy that focuses on analyzing and interpreting dreams to gain insights into an individual's subconscious mind

hypnosis

guided, trance-like state of relaxation and focused attention to help individuals address various mental, emotional, and physical health concerns

personality disorders

Inflexible, exaggerated & maladaptive ways of thinking, personal behavior causes distress to person & conflicts with others

Cluster A

odd thinking and eccentric behavior

Cluster B

dramatic and erratic behavior

Cluster C

severe anxiety and fear

Ego-synotic

disorders that we don’t mind having

Ego-dystonic

disorders that we don’t want to have

Schizoid personality disorder

Withdrawn & lacks feelings for others

Schizotypal personality disorder

Odd thought, speech and emotional reactions, impaired social functioning

Paranoid personality disorder

Inappropriately suspicious & mistrustful of others, refuse to accept blame or criticism

Borderline personality disorder

Tend to act impulsively, self destructive, unstable self-image, mood, mostly women

Antisocial personality disorder

Pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical behavior, inability to feel affection for others, no remorse for actions, mostly men

Histronic personality disorder

Very dramatic, attention seeking, needs praise and reassurance

narcissistic personality disorder

Grandiose view of themselves, constant attention and admiration

Dependent personality disorder

Inability to make decisions on their own, can’t live independently, can’t tolerate being alone