Botany lecture test 3 Gymnosperms

What are gymnosperms?

Any vascular plant that reproduces by means of an exposed seed or ovule (naked seed). Seeds usually in cones.

What are the four phyla of gymnosperms?

Ginkgophyta- the ginkgos
Pinophyta- conifers
Cycadophyta- the cycads
Gnetophyta- the gnetophytes

Difference between gymnosperm
and angiosperm

Angisperms’s have double fertilization, flowers, and covered seeds. Gymnosperms have naked seeds, single fertilization, and no flowers.

Reproduction in Pines

The female cones open to receive pollen then close for 12-15 months for fertilization. When fertilization is complete they will reopen to release the seeds.

male and female cone differences

Female cones are woody, male cones are soft. Male cones contain pollen.

alternation of generation

Megaspores and microspores

Pollen grain

Goes through meiosis to make a haploid? Have air sacs to help them “fly”

Nucellus

integument & seed coat

A covering around the megasporangium

micropyle

Seed germination requirements

Reproduction in Ginkgo

Dioecious

Are pines dioecious or monoecious?

Monoecious