glucoregulation

glucose

substrate for respiration to create energy in the form of ATP

glycolysis

the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy

insulin

a hormone which lowers blood glucose levels

glucagon

a hormone which raises blood glucose levels

alpha cells

found in the pancreas’s islets of Langerhans, produce glucagon

beta cells

found in the pancreas’s islets of Langerhans, produce insulin

glycogen

the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules

glycogen synthesis

glucose is combined into glycogen

polyphagia

eating an excessive amount of food

glycosuria

excess sugar in the urine

polyuria

excess urine

polydipsia

excessive thirst

sulfonylureas

a class of drugs that increase the amount of insulin in the circulation by making the pancreas secrete more

metformin

a class of drugs that improves insulin resistance

glycogen synthase

catalyses the formation of glycogen polymers

glycogen phosphorylase

catalyses the breakdown of glycogen polymers back into glucose

homeostasis

ability of organisms to maintain constant internal conditions while external environment changes

negative feedback mechanism

control mechanism that dampens or reduces the stimulus, leading back to normal state/conditions

positive feedback mechanism

control mechanism that intensifies the variable

glucoregulation

Ability of body to regulate blood glucose level to be maintained at a conc of 5mM

glucose synthesis

In the fasted state, the liver secretes glucose through both breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) and de novo glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)

lipolysis

fat is broken down into “free” fatty acids

cerebral edema

swelling of the brain

adipose tissue

fat

beta cell hyperplasia

increased number of beta cells

beta cell hypertrophy

beta cells grow in size

beta cell hypotrophy

beta cells get smaller

beta cell hypoplasia

beta cells die off

hyperglycemia

blood glucose level higher than 8mM

hypoglycemia

blood glucose level lower than 3mM

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state

increased plasma osmolarity from dehydration and increased concentration

atherosclerosis

thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery

diabetic retinopathy

 an eye condition that can cause vision loss and blindness in people who have diabetes

lipocytes

fat cells

gluconeogenesis

making of glucose from amino acids

glycation of proteins

excess glucose binds to structural proteins

transduction

the effect allowing the hormone on the outside of the cell to regulate functions inside the cell, even though the hormone has not entered the cell

Incretin

a group of metabolic hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels

allosterically

relating to or denoting the alteration of the activity of an enzyme by means of a conformational change induced by a different molecule.

SGLT2

a special glucose transporter in the kidney that reabsorbs glucose against a concentration gradient by co- transporting sodium

glycerol

FIGURE OUT WHAT THIS IS????

invaginates

be turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity or pouch.

glycogenolysis

glycogen is broken down into glucose

amylin

inhibits food intake, delays gastric emptying, and decreases blood glucose levels, leading to the reduction of body weight.

amyloid deposits

The build-up of amyloid proteins (deposits) can make it difficult for the organs and tissues to work properly.

lipolysis

Lipids are broken down

noradrenaline

both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It plays an important role in your body's “fight-or-flight” response.

Glycogenolysis

glycogen is broken down into glucose