glucose
substrate for respiration to create energy in the form of ATP
glycolysis
the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy
insulin
a hormone which lowers blood glucose levels
glucagon
a hormone which raises blood glucose levels
alpha cells
found in the pancreas’s islets of Langerhans, produce glucagon
beta cells
found in the pancreas’s islets of Langerhans, produce insulin
glycogen
the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose molecules
glycogen synthesis
glucose is combined into glycogen
polyphagia
eating an excessive amount of food
glycosuria
excess sugar in the urine
polyuria
excess urine
polydipsia
excessive thirst
sulfonylureas
a class of drugs that increase the amount of insulin in the circulation by making the pancreas secrete more
metformin
a class of drugs that improves insulin resistance
glycogen synthase
catalyses the formation of glycogen polymers
glycogen phosphorylase
catalyses the breakdown of glycogen polymers back into glucose
homeostasis
ability of organisms to maintain constant internal conditions while external environment changes
negative feedback mechanism
control mechanism that dampens or reduces the stimulus, leading back to normal state/conditions
positive feedback mechanism
control mechanism that intensifies the variable
glucoregulation
Ability of body to regulate blood glucose level to be maintained at a conc of 5mM
glucose synthesis
In the fasted state, the liver secretes glucose through both breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) and de novo glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis)
lipolysis
fat is broken down into “free” fatty acids
cerebral edema
swelling of the brain
adipose tissue
fat
beta cell hyperplasia
increased number of beta cells
beta cell hypertrophy
beta cells grow in size
beta cell hypotrophy
beta cells get smaller
beta cell hypoplasia
beta cells die off
hyperglycemia
blood glucose level higher than 8mM
hypoglycemia
blood glucose level lower than 3mM
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
increased plasma osmolarity from dehydration and increased concentration
atherosclerosis
thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery
diabetic retinopathy
an eye condition that can cause vision loss and blindness in people who have diabetes
lipocytes
fat cells
gluconeogenesis
making of glucose from amino acids
glycation of proteins
excess glucose binds to structural proteins
transduction
the effect allowing the hormone on the outside of the cell to regulate functions inside the cell, even though the hormone has not entered the cell
Incretin
a group of metabolic hormones that stimulate a decrease in blood glucose levels
allosterically
relating to or denoting the alteration of the activity of an enzyme by means of a conformational change induced by a different molecule.
SGLT2
a special glucose transporter in the kidney that reabsorbs glucose against a concentration gradient by co- transporting sodium
glycerol
FIGURE OUT WHAT THIS IS????
invaginates
be turned inside out or folded back on itself to form a cavity or pouch.
glycogenolysis
glycogen is broken down into glucose
amylin
inhibits food intake, delays gastric emptying, and decreases blood glucose levels, leading to the reduction of body weight.
amyloid deposits
The build-up of amyloid proteins (deposits) can make it difficult for the organs and tissues to work properly.
lipolysis
Lipids are broken down
noradrenaline
both a neurotransmitter and a hormone. It plays an important role in your body's “fight-or-flight” response.
Glycogenolysis
glycogen is broken down into glucose