WCU Nutrition Exam 1
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73 Terms
Micromolecule
vitamins and minerals
Macromolecule
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Dense Nutrient
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Examples of a dense Nutrient
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Water Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin C, and B-complex
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins A,D,E, and K
Function of Vitamins in all lifespan
Vitamins are organic substances required for many enzymatic reactions. The main function of vitamins is to be a catalyst for metabolic functions.
Why do infants received Vitamin K injections?
A newborn receives an injection of vitamin K to prevent vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding
Dry eyes, prevent blindness.
Vitamin A Deficiencies
Alcoholics are deficient in...
Vitamin B12 and Thiamine
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
A genetic disorder in which a child's body is unable to metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine. The resulting buildup of phenylalanine in body fluids causes brain damage, progressive mental retardation, hyperactivity and other symptoms.
PKU diet recommendation
The diet for PKU consists of a phenylalanine-free medical formula and carefully measured amounts of fruits, vegetables, bread, pasta, and cereals. Many people who follow a low phenylalanine (phe) food pattern eat special low protein breads and pastas. THis diet should be followed for life. Foods high in phenylalanine are high in protein: dairy products, meat, chicken, eggs, beans, nuts...
Function of Fat
The major function of fat is to provide energy; 1 g of fat supplies 9 calories of energy.
Fat also provides insulation, protects internal organs from mechanical damage, regulates temperature from cold and promotes absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Fat requirements for people of all lifespans
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Fat Requirement: Infant
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Fat Requirement: Toddlers
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Fat Requirement: Adolescent
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Fat Requirement: Young Adult
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Fat Requirement: Adult
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Fat Requirement: Elderly
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Nursing Diagnoses related to nutrition
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Hypokalemia
Moderate Deficiency: Increased blood pressure, increased salt sensitivity, increased risk of kidney stones, and increased bone turnover.
Inadequate Intake:
Increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly stroke, dysrhythmias, shallow respirations/respiratory distress, decreased airway responsiveness, impaired regulation of arteriolar blood flow, decreased GI motility, muscle cramps, confusion, skeletal muscle weakness and paralysis, can impair function in non-muscle tissue. Symptoms initially observed in legs. Release of insulin is impaired which leads to hyperglycemia.
Cardiac changes include;
impaired repolarization= flattening of the T wave and eventually in emergence of a U wave. The P wave amplitude may increase and may become peaked. May cause lethal ventricular dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia
Dysrhythmias (caused by supplements, potassium sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors, inadequate kidney function, diabetes), abdominal cramping and diarrhea, initial cramping leg pain followed by weakness or paralysis of skeletal muscles. depolarization decreased=flattening of the P wave, widening of the QRS complex, repolarization= shortening of the QT interval causing the T wave to be narrower and more peaked. V fib and cardiac standstill may occur.
Hyponatremia
Lung congestion, cardiac changes, muscle weakness/muscle cramping, lethargy, irritability, apprehension, confusion and coma. Hyponatremia can progress to convulsions and prolonged coma. Death can result.
Hypernatremia
Intense thirst, fluid retention, hypertension, CVA, lethargy, agitation, seizures, postural hypotension, weakness, decreased skin turgor, even coma.
Hypocalcemia
Osteoporosis, tetany, Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs, ECG changes, easy fatigability, depression/anxiety/confusion, numbness and tingling in extremities and region around mouth, hyperreflexia, muscle cramps, laryngeal spasm, seizures.
Hypercalcemia
Constipation, kidney stones. Lethargy/weakness, depressed reflexes, decreased memory, confusion, personality changes, psychosis, anorexia, N/V, bone pain, fractures, polyuria, dehydration, nephrolithiasis, stupor, and coma.
lipids
A group of organic compounds composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen including a proportionately smaller amount of oxygen; are insoluble in water, serve as a source of stored energy, and are a component of cell membranes.
Lipids: Sources
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Lipids: Uses
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Saturated Fat
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Trans fat
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Unsaturated Fat
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Monosaturated Fat
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Polysaturated Fat
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How to avoid bad Fat
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How is fat absorbed in the GI track?
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Gallbladder
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Recommended diet for patient who had their gallbladder removed.
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Omega 3 fat function
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Omega 6 fat function
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NO Cholesterol Diet
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HDL vs LDL
* HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol keeps cholesterol liquid and moves it safely through the body. It hangs on to the cholesterol, not letting it get loose and attach itself to your artery walls. In fact, HDL can grab on to and move cholesterol already stuck to your artery walls. More Capable of transporting Cholesterol in the blood than LDL. This is why HDL cholesterol is sometimes called good cholesterol.
Triglycerides
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Normal Lab Values of Triglycerides
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Malnutrition
A nutritional status that is out of balance; an individual is either getting too much or not enough of a particular nutrient or energy over a significant period of time.
BMI
<18.5 Underweight, 18.5-24.9 Normal weight, 25-29.9 overweight, >30 obese, >40 morbidly obese
BMI Formula
kg/m2 or (wt in lbs) (704) / (ht in inches) 2 (squared)
Protein
A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
Amino Acid: essential vs non essential
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Sources of Amino Acids
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Protein Recommendation: kidney disease
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Protein Recommendation: Liver Disease
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Nitrogen Balance
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Carbohydrate absorption in GI track
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Carbohydrate Recommendation: Infant
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Carbohydrate Recommendation: Toddler
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Carbohydrate Recommendation: Adolescent
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Carbohydrate Recommendation: Young Adult
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Carbohydrate Recommendation: Adult
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Carbohydrate Recommendation: Elderly
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Carbohydrate Recommendation: Pregnant
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Carbohydrate Recommendation: lactating
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Fiber
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Fiber Sources
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Fiber vs High Fructose
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Glucose Administration: PO vs IV
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Complete VegetarianDiet
Risk for which Macro and micro
Food Frequency Questionnaire
Purpose of...
Past 24Hours of Hx and Baseline
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Knowledge Deficit Risk
what do you determinefirst?
Nutritional teaching: Preschool vs Adults
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Osteoporosis
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