Progressive Era - Vietnam War | Final Exam MC

Progressivism

Early 20th-century reform movement seeking to solve problems caused by industrialization and urbanization.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption, poverty, and social injustices in the Progressive Era.

Child labor

Employment of children in harsh conditions, targeted by Progressive reformers for abolition.

Workplace safety

Movement to improve dangerous factory conditions, accelerated by disasters like the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire.

Reform movements

Organized efforts to improve society, such as temperance, labor rights, and women's rights.

Food and drug safety

Regulated by laws like the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 to protect consumers.

Women's suffrage

The fight for women's right to vote, achieved nationally with the 19th Amendment in 1920.

Role of government (Progressive Era)

Shifted toward active intervention to regulate the economy and address social issues.

Industrialization

The rapid growth of manufacturing and factories, transforming the US economy.

Urbanization

The growth of cities as people moved from rural areas and abroad for factory jobs.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or economic and political dominance.

Annexation

The formal act of acquiring something, especially territory, by conquest or occupation.

Sphere of influence

A region where a foreign nation exerts exclusive economic control and political influence.

Hawaii

Pacific islands annexed by the US in 1898 for strategic military and agricultural value.

Queen Lili'uokalani

The last reigning monarch of Hawaii, overthrown by American sugar planters in 1893.

Open Door Policy

US policy proposing equal trading rights in China for all imperial nations.

Expansion

The policy of expanding US territory and influence overseas during the late 19th century.

Overseas influence

The extension of American power into the Pacific, Caribbean, and Latin America.

Strategic location

Geographic positions, like Hawaii or Panama, vital for military bases and trade routes.

Economic motives (Imperialism)

The desire for new markets, raw materials, and investment opportunities overseas.

Militarism

The aggressive build-up of a nation's military forces in preparation for war.

Alliances

Mutual defense treaties between nations that helped trigger World War I.

Nationalism

Extreme pride in one's country, which fueled competition and conflict before WWI.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria whose assassination in June 1914 sparked World War I.

Neutrality

The initial US policy to stay out of the European conflict of World War I.

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing 128 Americans.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

Germany's naval policy of sinking any ships in war zones, drawing the US into WWI.

Zimmerman Telegram

Intercepted German message proposing a military alliance with Mexico against the US.

Trench warfare

The dominant style of combat on the Western Front, leading to massive stalemates.

Espionage Act

1917 law criminalizing acts that interfered with military operations or supported US enemies.

Sedition Act

1918 law making it illegal to criticize the US government, flag, or military.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's post-WWI plan for lasting world peace.

League of Nations

International peacekeeping organization proposed by Wilson, which the US Senate rejected.

Economic boom (1920s)

Period of rapid economic growth, rising stock prices, and mass production.

Consumer culture

Society focused on buying goods, fueled by advertising and installment buying.

Assembly line

Manufacturing process that allowed rapid, mass production of inexpensive goods.

Henry Ford

Industrialist who revolutionized manufacturing with the assembly line for the Model T.

Buying on margin

Purchasing stocks with borrowed money, hoping to sell at a profit.

Speculation

High-risk investing in the stock market in hopes of making quick profits.

Harlem Renaissance

A 1920s flowering of African American art, literature, and music centered in NYC.

Jazz Age

The 1920s cultural era characterized by the popularity of jazz music and dance.

Prohibition

The period from 1920 to 1933 when alcohol was legally banned by the 18th Amendment.

Organized crime

Criminal syndicates that grew wealthy by bootlegging illegal alcohol during Prohibition.

Cultural change (1920s)

Shifts in traditional values, highlighted by modernism, flappers, and secularism.

Stock Market Crash

The October 1929 collapse of stock prices, marking the start of the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by unemployed people during the Great Depression, named after Herbert Hoover.

Herbert Hoover

President blamed for the Great Depression due to his limited government intervention policy.

New Deal

President FDR's program of relief, recovery, and reform to combat the Great Depression.

Franklin Roosevelt

President who enacted the New Deal and led the US through WWII.

Fireside Chats

FDR's radio broadcasts used to directly reassure the American public.

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)

New Deal program employing young men in environmental and forestry projects.

TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)

New Deal agency created to build dams, control flooding, and bring electricity to the South.

Role of government (New Deal)

Permanently expanded federal responsibility for the economic welfare of citizens.

Economic recovery

The goal of New Deal programs to restore the US economy to health.

Hitler

Fascist dictator of Nazi Germany whose expansionist goals led to WWII.

Nazi Germany

The totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1945.

Appeasement

Policy of giving in to an aggressor's demands to avoid war.

Pearl Harbor

Japanese surprise attack on US naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, bringing US into WWII.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944, opening the Western Front.

Island Hopping

US military strategy in the Pacific of capturing key islands to get closer to Japan.

Japanese Internment

Forced relocation and confinement of Japanese Americans during WWII under Executive Order 9066.

Manhattan Project

Top-secret US scientific program that developed the first atomic bombs.

Hiroshima

Japanese city targeted by the first atomic bomb dropped on August 6, 1945.

Nagasaki

Second Japanese city destroyed by an atomic bomb on August 9, 1945.

Atomic bomb

Fission weapon used by the US to end World War II, starting the nuclear age.

Allied powers

The coalition of nations including the US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union in WWII.

Axis powers

The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Superpowers

The US and USSR, emerging as the dominant global powers after WWII.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and free markets, championed by the US.

Communism

State-controlled economic system with no private property, championed by the USSR.

Containment

US foreign policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism worldwide.

Iron Curtain

Term for the political barrier dividing democratic Western Europe and communist Eastern Europe.

Arms race

The competition between the US and USSR to build superior nuclear arsenals.

MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)

Military doctrine that a full-scale nuclear war would destroy both sides, preventing conflict.

Korean War

Cold War conflict (1950-1953) where US forces defended South Korea against communist North Korea.

McCarthyism

The practice of making public, unsupported accusations of communist disloyalty in the 1950s.

Espionage

The practice of spying to gather political or military secrets during the Cold War.

CIA

US agency created in 1947 to gather intelligence and conduct covert operations abroad.

KGB

The main security and intelligence agency of the Soviet Union.

Sputnik

The first artificial satellite, launched by the USSR in 1957, starting the Space Race.

Space Race

Cold War competition between the US and USSR for dominance in space exploration.

Apollo 11

US space mission that successfully landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969.

Domestic Mystique

The post-WWII cultural ideal pushing women back into traditional homemaking roles.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 Supreme Court decision ruling that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Civil rights leader who championed nonviolent protest to achieve racial equality.

Nonviolent civil disobedience

Refusal to obey unjust laws through peaceful protest, sit-ins, and boycotts.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A 381-day protest against segregated buses, sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist whose arrest for refusing to give up her bus seat sparked the Montgomery boycott.

Freedom Riders

Activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated South to challenge non-enforcement of integration.

Civil Rights Movement goals

Ending racial segregation, securing voting rights, and achieving legal equality.

AIM (American Indian Movement)

Advocacy group formed in 1968 to address native sovereignty, treaty rights, and systemic racism.

Wounded Knee (1973)

AIM occupation of Wounded Knee, SD, protesting federal treaty failures.

Stonewall

1969 NYC riots that served as the catalyst for the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement.

Equality

The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.

French Indochina

French colony in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist revolutionary leader of North Vietnam who fought for independence.

Geneva Accords

1954 agreement that temporarily divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel.

North Vietnam

The communist state led by Ho Chi Minh, supported by the Soviet Union and China.

South Vietnam

The anti-communist state supported by the US during the Vietnam War.

Domino Theory

US belief that if one nation fell to communism, neighboring nations would follow.