Chemistry final malbrue

Density

The measurement of mass per unit of volume of matter

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume

Mass

The amount of matter that makes up a substance

Weight

Gravitational pull on a substance

Volume

The amount of space matter takes up

Extensive property

Depends on the amount of matter present. property changes as amount changes (mass, size)

Intensive property

Does not depend on the amount of matter present (Color, temperature, density)

D=m/v

Density formula:

Round to the same number of significant figures as the measurement that has the fewest sig figs

Multiplication and division sig fig rules:

Round to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the least decimal places

Addition and Subtraction sig fig rules:

Meter (m)

Measurement for length:

Grams (g)

Measurement for mass:

Seconds (s)

Measurement for time:

derived quantity

A quantity that comes from a combination of base units (Ex: area, density)

% error= measured value - actual value / actual value then x100

Percent area formula:

The

Great

Man

King

Henry

Died

By (base)

Drinking

Chocolate

Milk

Monday

Night

Metric conversion synonym:

6.02 x 10^23

Avogadro's number:

molar mass

Mass in grams of 1 mole of a substance (equal to its atomic weight in grams)

(total mass of element percent) / (molecular mass) x100

Percent composition formula:

1. Empirical

2. Molecular

3. Structural

Name the three types of formulas for a compound

Empirical

Simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound. Ex: N2O4 --> NO2

Molecular

The number of each type of atom in a compound (regular formula) Ex: N2O4

Mole ratio

A ratio of the reactants and products indicated by coefficients in a balanced equation

Limiting Reactant

the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form in a chemical reaction. COMPLETELY used in the reaction

Excess Reactant

Added to ensure that the limiting reactant is completely used up. this reactant it NOT used up

Theoretical Yeild

The calculated/ predicted amount of product the reaction SHOULD be able to produce

Actual Yield

The amount of product the reaction produces. this is the amount of product collected/measured in the lab.

% yield= actual yield/theoretical yield x 100

Percent yield formula:

0 degrees Celsius

What is the Standard temperature value of Celsius?

273 K

What is the standard temperature value of Kalvin?

32 degrees Fahrenheit

What is the Standard Temperature Value of Fahrenheit?

Standard temperature and Pressure

What does STP stand for?

1.00 atm

What is the Standard pressure Value of atm?

760 torr

What is the Standard pressure Value of torr?

14.7 psi

What is the Standard pressure Value of psi?

Absolute Zero

the lowest possible temperature where nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in the substance

As Pressure increases, volume decreases and as volume increases, pressure decreases

When Temperature is constant what is happening to pressure and volume? (Boyle)

Boyle's Law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature

Temperature

In Boyle's law what variable is constant?

Inverse

What kind of relationship do Pressure and volume have in Boyle's law?

P1V1=P2V2

What is the formula for Boyle's Law?

As temperature increases, volume also increases (Vise Versa)

When Pressure is constant what is happening to Temperature and Volume?(Charles)

Charles's Law

A principle that describes the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas at constant pressure

pressure

What stays constant in Charles's law?

Direct

What is the relationship between temperature and volume in Charles's law?

V1/T1= V2/T2

What is the formula for Charles's law?

As Temperature increases, pressure increases (Vise Versa)

When volume is constant what is happening to temperature and pressure? (Gay-Lussac)

Gay-Lussac's Law

A principle that describes the relationship between the temperature and pressure at constant volume

Volume

What is constant in Gay- Lussac's Law?

Direct

What is the relationship between temperature and pressure in Gay- Lussac's law?

P1/T1=P2/T2

What is the formula for Gay- Lussac Law?

Combined Gas Law

Where all Variables are changing, nothing is constant

P1VI/T1 = P2V2/T2

What is the formula for Combined gas law?

Charles

Who's Law is this?

The Original Volume of a gas measured at standard temperature is 1000.0 mL. If the pressure on the gas remains the same, what volume will the gas occupy at 500.0K?

Boyle

Who's Law is this?

The Original volume of a gas measured at 600.0mL has a pressure of 200.0 mmhg. If the temperature remains unchanged, what volume will the gas occupy if the pressure is changed to 67.0kPa?

Gay-Lussac

Who's Law is this?

A gas exerts a pressure of 6.80kPa at 40.0C. What happens to the temperature if the volume of the gas remains constant, but the pressure is increased to 2.50atm?

1. Gases are composed of tiny particles called molecules

2. Gases exert pressure by collisions

3. Gases are mainly empty space

What are the three behaviors of gases?

Temperature

The Average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance

Pressure

The force exerted over a surface

Temperature and Kinetic Energy are directly related. As temperature increases, the particles move faster. The particles move slower when temperature decreases.

What is the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy? How does this affect the movement of particles?

Internal and external

What are the two types of pressure?

Internal Pressure

Pressure on the inside of a container

External pressure

pressure outside of a container

gas inside a tank to inflate balloons

What is an example of an internal pressure?

Air pressing on you while you watch TV

What is an example of an external pressure?

internal pressure

Gas Pressure is categorized as____________.

external pressure

atmospheric pressure is categorized as____________.

Atmospheric pressure decreases (inverse relationship)

What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude increases?

Atmospheric pressure increases (inverse Relationship)

What happens to atmospheric pressure as altitude decreases?

Charles

If the temperature of a gas doubles, its volume doubles according to who's law?

Boyle

If the volume of a gas is halved, the pressure is doubled according to which law?

Solids

Tightly packed particles, particles have little kinetic energy

Liquids

particles are looser and can slide past each other, have more kinetic energy

Gases

Particles spread far a part and move rapidly, have the most kinetic energy

Particles are not tightly packed in a liquid and can move around and slide past each other unlike in a solid in which the particles are locked in place. So your hand can go through a liquid bc the particles move around your hand

Why can you put your hand through a liquid but not a solid?

The time will be longer in the mountains because since the atmospheric pressure is lower, the temperature needed to boil the water is lower than if in baton rouge. Since the temperature is lower it will take more time to boil the noodles.

Let's say you wanted to cook spaghetti noodles during a ski trip in he mountains. Would the cooking time be shorter or longer than the cooking time if you were in Baton Rouge? Why?

Temperature and atmospheric pressure are inversely related; warmer air tends to have lower pressure, while cooler air has higher pressure. This is because warmer air molecules move faster and spread out, reducing the density and pressure compared to cooler, denser air.

This is to help you better understand the relationship between Temperature and Atmospheric pressure.

Charles

Who's law is it?

The heat from combustion of the fuel inside the engine cause the air volume inside the engine cylinder block to increase, which will push the piston and turn the crankshaft?

Boyle

Who's law is it?

When the process of inhale occurs, the lungs volume will increase which could cause the lungs pressure lower than the atmosphere pressure. Thus, the air rushes in the lung.

Gay-Lussac

Who's law is it?

Restoring a dented ping pong ball can be done by immersing the ball in a pan of hot water. The pressure inside the ball will increase as it heats up, then the pressure will push out the dent and restore the ball's roundness.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Bases upon the idea that particles of matter are always in motion

1.00 atm

760 mmHg=

1.00 atm

101.3 kPa=

•Increase in kinetic energy

_______________________ means more particle motion, greater velocity (speed).

Bigger particles

________________move more slowly

Standard Temperature

The freezing point of pure water at sea level in air at standard pressure (1 atm)

Barometer

a device used to measure air pressure

•Shake up a Coke bottle.... The bottle becomes harder because you've increased the pressure inside the bottle

Gas molecules can apply pressure on the walls of a container

Example to help you understand this concept:

atmospheric pressure andgas (vapor) pressure

Boiling occurs whenever what is equal?

1. On a hot summer's day, the pressure in a car tire increases

2. The pilot of a hot-air balloon heats the air inside the balloon to make it rise.

What are two real life example explained by gas law?

a rigid container is one that maintains a fixed volume, while an elastic container can expand or contract to maintain a constant pressure. In a rigid container, increased temperature leads to increased pressure, whereas in an elastic container, increased temperature leads to increased volume.

Rigid container Vs Elastic

effusion

A process by which gas particles pass through a tiny opening

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

compressibility

the measure of how much a given volume of matter decreases when placed under pressure

fluidity

ability to flow

PV=nRT

Ideal gas law formula:

Soluble

capable of being dissolved

Solvents and Solutes

What are the two components of solutions?

Solvents

Doing the dissolving in a solution

Solute

The substance being dissolved in a solution