Honors United States History II Final Exam Review Sheet

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Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist leader who promoted Black pride, economic independence, and the Back-to-Africa movement.

Bob Marley

Reggae musician whose message emphasized unity, freedom, and social justice.

America at the Turn of the Century

Rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and economic growth created both opportunities and problems.

13 Problems at the Turn of the Century

Monopolies, robber barons, tenements, poverty, crime, child labor, poor working conditions, corruption, voting rights issues, civil rights issues, unsafe food, pollution, and overcrowding.

Monopoly

A company that controls an entire industry with little or no competition.

Robber Barons

Wealthy industrialists accused of exploiting workers and unfair business practices.

Tenements

Crowded, poorly maintained apartment buildings for the urban poor.

Assassination of William McKinley

McKinley was assassinated in 1901, making Theodore Roosevelt president.

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive president known for trust-busting, conservation, consumer protection, Square Deal, and regulating railroads.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's program focused on fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses.

Progressive Era

A period of reform aimed at solving problems caused by industrialization and urbanization.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption, unsafe conditions, and social problems.

Upton Sinclair

Exposed meatpacking industry conditions in The Jungle.

Ida Tarbell

Exposed Standard Oil's unfair business practices.

Lincoln Steffens

Exposed political corruption in cities.

Jacob Riis

Photographed poor living conditions in tenements.

The Jungle

Book exposing unsanitary conditions in meatpacking plants.

Pure Food and Drug Act

Law requiring accurate labeling of food and medicine.

Meat Inspection Act

Law requiring federal inspection of meat products.

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt's successor who continued some progressive reforms.

Taft's Mistakes

Supported unpopular tariffs and split with Roosevelt.

Bull Moose Party

Progressive Party created by Roosevelt after splitting from Taft.

Imperialism

Policy of extending a nation's power through territory or influence.

Scramble for Africa

European powers competed to control African territory.

World Power

A nation with strong military, economic, and political influence.

Imperialists

Supported expansion for economic, military, and national prestige reasons.

Anti-Imperialists

Opposed expansion because it contradicted democratic ideals.

Spanish-American War

1898 war that gave the U.S. control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

USS Maine

American battleship whose explosion helped trigger the Spanish-American War.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary whose assassination sparked World War I.

MAIN Causes of WWI

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.

Alliance System

Network of treaties that pulled many nations into WWI.

Militarism

Building up armed forces and preparing for war.

Nationalism

Extreme pride and loyalty to one's nation.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare where soldiers fought from trenches.

Western Front

Main battlefront in France and Belgium during WWI.

Christmas Truce

Temporary ceasefire between opposing soldiers during Christmas 1914.

Battle of Verdun

Longest battle of WWI between France and Germany.

Battle of the Somme

Major WWI battle with enormous casualties.

Why America Stayed Neutral

Many Americans wanted to avoid European conflicts.

Zimmermann Telegram

German message encouraging Mexico to attack the United States.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's policy of sinking ships without warning.

Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915.

Why America Entered WWI

Zimmermann Telegram and unrestricted submarine warfare.

Selective Service Act

Law creating the military draft.

War Bonds

Government-issued bonds used to finance the war.

Propaganda

Information designed to influence public opinion.

Effects of WWI on Women

Women entered the workforce and gained greater rights.

Effects of WWI on African Americans

Many moved north during the Great Migration.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty that ended WWI and punished Germany.

League of Nations

International organization created to prevent future wars.

Flapper

Young woman who challenged traditional social norms in the 1920s.

Henry Ford

Automobile manufacturer who introduced assembly-line production.

Louis Armstrong

Famous jazz musician and trumpeter.

Charles Lindbergh

First person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

Calvin Coolidge

President known for limited government and pro-business policies.

Al Capone

Notorious gangster during Prohibition.

Palmer Raids

Government raids targeting suspected radicals.

Clarence Darrow

Defense attorney in the Scopes Trial.

Scopes Trial

Court case over teaching evolution in schools.

Jazz Age

Nickname for the 1920s due to the popularity of jazz music.

Warren G. Harding

President who promoted a return to normalcy.

Emergency Quota Act

Law limiting immigration.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Immigrants controversially convicted of murder.

Red Scare

Fear of communism and radical ideas.

Nativism

Preference for native-born citizens over immigrants.

Ku Klux Klan

Group promoting white supremacy and discrimination.

Harlem Renaissance

African American cultural and artistic movement.

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Major collapse of stock prices that helped trigger the Great Depression.

Great Depression

Severe economic downturn lasting through the 1930s.

Causes of the Great Depression

Stock speculation, overproduction, bank failures, unequal wealth, and weak consumer demand.

Hoovervilles

Shantytowns built by homeless people during the Depression.

Hoover Blankets

Newspapers used as blankets by the homeless.

Herbert Hoover

President during the beginning of the Great Depression.

Trickle-Down Economics

Belief that helping businesses would benefit everyone.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

President who introduced the New Deal.

New Deal

FDR's programs designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform.

Pump Priming

Government spending to stimulate the economy.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany.

Treaty of Versailles and Hitler

Harsh treaty conditions helped create resentment that Hitler exploited.

Appeasement

Policy of giving in to Hitler's demands to avoid war.

Why Appeasement Failed

Hitler continued expanding despite concessions.

Invasion of Poland

German attack in 1939 that started WWII.

Pearl Harbor

Japanese attack on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941.

Japanese Internment

Forced relocation of Japanese Americans during WWII.

Home Front

Civilian efforts supporting the war through work and rationing.

Island Hopping

U.S. strategy of capturing key Pacific islands.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944.

Operation Overlord

Code name for the D-Day invasion.

VE Day

Victory in Europe Day marking Germany's surrender.

Atomic Bomb

Weapon used on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

VJ Day

Victory over Japan Day marking Japan's surrender.

Holocaust

Systematic murder of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany.

Democracy to Dictatorship in Germany

Hitler used economic problems, propaganda, and fear to gain power.

Stages of Genocide

Classification, symbolization, discrimination, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, persecution, extermination, denial.

Bystanders

People who witnessed events but did not act.

Rescuers

People who risked their lives to help victims.

Cold War

Period of tension between the United States and Soviet Union.

Superpowers

United States and Soviet Union after WWII.

Containment

Policy of stopping the spread of communism.