Princ Aquaculture Final

What is the disease Triad

a composition of how disease can spread from pathogen, host due to poor envrionmental conditions

What are the two sectors of the fish immune system

• innate

• adaptive

What is innate immunity

first line of defense (nonspecific)

• ex: skin

True or False: innate immunity has memory and is able to target specific diseases

False: this is true for adaptive immunity

True or False: fish only have one main antibody type compared to humans who have five

True

What biological components are included under innate immunity

• white blood cells

• macrophages

• neutrophils

How does mucus work as an defense against pathogens

• prevents some infections

• helps heal wounds

• prevents scratching of skin

What biological components are included under adaptive immunity

T lymphocytes by supporting B cell maturating which go on to form antibodies

What is the most common cause of stress

poor water quality

What are some external signs that indicates disease

• exophthalmia (eye buldging)

• ulcers

• ragged fins

• body contorsion

In the midst of the stress response, what does the fish undergo internally chemically as a secondary response

• production of cortisol

• production of lactate (indicating extensive use of muscles)

• Immune suppresion

This diesease is known for its hay stack appearance, gram-negative, and primarily affects salmonids

F. columnare

What are the symptoms of F. columnare

saddleback, gill lesions, frayed fins

What agar is F. columnare grown on in diagnosis for disease

TYES or H/S media at 20-30C

This disease is also known as hole in the head disease, gram-negative, and primarily affects catfish and tilapia

Edwardsiella ictaluri

What are the clinical signs for Edwardsiella ictaluri

hole in head, hemorraging, buckshot lessions

What is a primary behavioral sign of Edwardsiella ictaluri

stargazing

True or False: the prescence of motile aeromonas is an indicator of stress

True

What are the clinical signs of channel catfish virus (CCV)

swollen kidney and liver tissues, pale, yellow mucus in gastrointestinal tract

What factors affect the sexual reversal in oysters

• pheromones

• food availability (more = more females)

• stressors

What is the diffence between Oyster Larviparous producers and Oviparous producers

• Larviparous- brood larvae internally before release

• Oviparous- broadcast spawners

In induction spawining, what is the purpose of the temperature difference

to mimic natural environmental change from winter to spring to induce spawining season

What is anoher method to induce spawining

introduce male pheromones into the tank to encourage release of sperm from competitive males and fertilization of females

In the triploid method, what is the method of forming the triploid and what is the reason

• 2N egg + 4N sperm

• done to produce larger oyster

Why are air lifts used instead of air stones

because oysters are sensitive to the small air bubbles created by air stones

True or False: in filtration it is tricky to use UV rays to sterilize because they kill good and bad bacteria

True

How often are tanks drained in oyster hatchery production

every 2 days

What are the pros and cons of using live algae in oyster hatcheries

• costly

• concentrated and can be stored in fridge/freezer (saves space)

• need a expert to raise

What are the two methods of feeding used in oyster hatcheries

• batch

• continous

What is the difference between on-bottom culture and off-bottom culture

off-bottom culture used containerized shells that the oyster larvae attach to that helps them from sinking (useful in restoration projects). on-bottom culture occurs in a RAS with low water levels to prevent larvae from attaching to tanks (typical in aquaculture production)

What are the two nursery options for oyster seed

• upwellers- high density and relies on high flow

• field containers- low density and relies on positive flow; can occur in mesh bags

What are the clinical signs of Largemouth Bass Virus (LMBv) and how is it transfered

overinflated swimbladder, inflammation in abdominal cavity; water and mucus

What are clinical signs of Costia

thin fish, fish with a grey or rey-blue cast

When is Ich not known as infectious or not Ich

too small/not fully developed and under the epithelium

What is this a depiction of

Chilodonella spp.

What are options for antibiotics in US salmonid aquaculture

• TM200

• Aquaflor

• Romet 30

What does AMR stand for

Antimicrobial Resistance

What are techniques used to detect AMR

• culture

• molecular

• metagenomics

What are some alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture

• vaccines

• bacteriphages

• medicinal plants

True or False: injection is the best mode of delivery for vaccines above immersion, oragl, and spray

True

What are the pros/con of vaccines

• costly

• does not eliminate prescence of pathogen

• vaccinated fish exhibit better growth

• decreases impact of disease

What is the function of immunostimulants

activate and enhance aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity

What are Prebiotics

ingredients that can alter the composition or activity of the intestinal microbiota and cause positive health benefits like increase in growth performance and GI tract development

What are Probiotics

microorganisms administered to influence gut microbiome and increases potency of immune response

True or False: Biosecurity involves managing risk of introducing new pathogens including from animals and people

True

What is the difference between Autochthonous and Allochthonous communities

Autochthonous is permanent and Allochthonous is transient (mobile)

What is the top disinfectant used in aquaculture

Virkon Aquatic

What are some common methods of bird control

• cannons

• net enclosures

• depredation permits

True or False: In Garlock’s guest lecture it was shown that lower and middle income countries have an opportunity to make high income through export in aquaculture

True

What are China’s top seafood exports

tilapia, squid, and pollock