Chapter 6

Give me two examples of heterogenous mixtures

milk and soil

why are they heterogenous?

Cuz their composition is not uniform

give me one examples of homogenous mixtures then?

salt water

soluble def?

capable of being disolved

for example when we put sugar into water?

it disolves and its particles get uniformly mix with water

Sugar water mixture is called a?

solution

solution def?

is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in a single phase

in a solution atoms molecules and ions are throughly mixed resulting in a mixture that has the?

same composition and properties throughout

solvent def?

its the discolving medium in a solution

solute

the substance disolved in a solution

Which one is usally less of a quantity?

solute

in a hemogenous mixture when u filter them by paper what passes through(the solute or solvent or both?)

both

in a 50% 50% solution is thus amount of solvents and solute neccesary? If not why?

nope cuz at this point we cant diffrentiate on which one is the solvent and which one is the solution

Solutions can be in which states?

metal gas and liquid

give me 2 examples of heterogenous aloys ( mettal+metal)and what they r made out of

brass which are made from zinc and copper and sterling silver made from silver and copper

with allowys many desirable properties can be obtained like greater strength and resistance to corrosion for example?

pure gold 24k is too soft for jewlery so alloying it wiTh copper and silver greatly hardenns it while retaining its apearance and corrosion resistance

14 karat gold is a solution because? And how much percent is gold?

all three metals are uniformly mixed and its about 58.3% gold

give me examples of this

First is solute second is solvent

Gas gas

Gas liquid

Liquid liquid

Liquid solid

Solid liquid

Solid solid

oxygen in nitrogen

Carbon dioxide in water

Alcahol in water

Mercury in silver and tin(dental amalgam)

Sugar in water

Copper in nickel(monel. Tm alloy)

suspension mixture def? are suspensions heterogenous or homo genous?

if the particles in a solvent are so large that they settle out unless the mixture is constanly stirred or agitated the mixture is called a suspension , they are heterogenous

give em an example of heterogenous suspensions?

mud in water

its because the soil particles are heavier than the water so …. Pulls them down

gravity

which particles form suspensions?

particles over 1000nm is diameter they are 1000 times larger than atoms

which type of particles can form suspensions as in atom or molecule or ions?

molecules and ions

and the particles of a suspension can be seperated by? Because they are?

a filter, a heterogenous mixture

coloids Definition? Are they hetero or homo?

particles that are intermediate in size between those in solution and suspensions form colodial dispersions, hetero

the size of colodila partciles?

between 1-1000nm in diamter

muddy water often has a brown color that brown color is caused by colodial particles but when we Filter them those coloids … ….. even though they are ……

pas through, hetero

the coloidal particles make up the …. Phase and water is the …… medium

dispersed, dispersing

Its because the particles of a coloids are small enough to be?

suspended throughout the solvent by the constant movement of the sorounding particles

mayonaise is the emulsion of?

oil

classes of coloids and gimme their phases and examples

Sol

Gel

Liquid emulsion

Foam

Solid aerosol

Liquid aerosol

Solid emulsion

solid dispersed liquid paint,mud

Solid network extending throughout liquid gelatin

Liquid dispersed in liquid milk mayonaise

Gas dispersed in liquid Shaving cream and whipped cream

Solid dispersed in gays Smoke airbone particulate matter auto exhuast

LiquId disperesed in gas Fog mist clouds aerosol spray

Liquid disperes in solid Cheese butter

many coloids apear to be homogenous because?

the individual particles cannot be seen

but those particles are?

large enough to scater light

its because of the tyndall effect what is teh def of the tyndal effect then?

tyndal effect ocures when light is scattered by colodial particles dispersed in a transparent medium

so tyndal effect is a property that is used to distiunguish between ?

a solution and a coloid

when can a particle of a coloid be detected?

when we put that coloid under a microscope and lput light on it

and those colodials particles are seen rapidly moviing and this motion is due to collision of rapidly moving particles called? An example of tyndal effect?

brownian motion, a car light in teh fog

We have three types of mixtures

Solutions suspensions and colloids

Get me their diffrence regarding these points

Homo or hetero ?

Particle size?

Can be what type of particles? Dum

Do they seperate on standing? Just know suspensions settle out

Can they be seperated by filteration?

And do they scatter light?

homo hetero hetero

0.01nm-1nm 1nm-1000nm 1000nm+ in diameter

Ion atoms molecules. Large molecules or aggregates, aggregates or large particles

They donot seperate on standing, they donot speerate on standing, particles settle out

No no yes

No yes may but isnt transparent

substances that disoolve in water are classified ccording to they yield ….. or …. In solution

molecules or ions

when an ionec compound disolves their ions are sorounded by water molecules and they are free therefore the electric current is?

able to move throughout the current,

electrolyte def?

a substance that disolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current is called electrolyte

any soluable ionec compoounds are electrolyes for example? and also certain highly …. Molecular compounds such as … are also electrolytes because?

nacl, polar , hydrogen chloride, cuz hcl form ions h3o and cl when disolved in water

nonelectrolye

a substance that disoolves in water to give a solution that does not conduct electric current

an example of a nonelectrolyte

sugar

solution that have water as a solvent are known as?

aqueos solutions

What are theFactors affecting the rate of disoliution

increasing the surface area of the solute

Agitating a solution

Heating a solvent

the disollution proccees ocures on the surface of the solute so the procces can be made faster if the?

surface area of the solute is increased

Contact between the solute and solvent is increased when?

When we are stiirng them because the parrticles disperse faster and therfore more contact

when we are heating the solvent the particles move way faster therefore

there are way more collision with the solute

We know after puting too much sugar in tea then it wont disolve it all but we dont know how to measure it precisly and this depend son three factors?

the nature of solute and solvent and the temprature

so why does that happen why r the particles reforming or not dissolving?

When we disolve sugar it moves aorund the solvent and when we add more sugar those disolved sugars bump teh cyrstals and reform their original crystals again and some other sugar is disolved until equalibrium is reached

what is the definition of solution equalibrium?

its a physical state in which the opposing porcceses of dissolution and crystalization of a solute occur at equal rates

The def of saturated sollution?

a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute

at 20 c how much sodium acetate can dissolve in 100g of water?

46.4g

unsaturated solution def?

a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution under the existing conditions

how does a super saturated form?

When we cool down a saturated substance (this is after we heat it up and add alot of the solute to it) it releases some of the solute but sometimes if we let it undisturbed the excess solute does not seperate and it forms a super saturated solution

How can we diffrentiate between a suoper saturated and a saturated

when we cool down a saturated after heating it and then disturb it if it becomes hard fast then its super saturated

The def of super saturatedsolution?

A solution that contains more disolved solute than a saturated solution under the same conditions

give me two examples of solutes that can form super saturated?

sodium thiosulfate, sodium acetate

the def of solubility?

The solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specific temprature

the solubility of sugars is?

204 g of sugar from 100g of water and 20c

solubility varies with?

temprature

for gases beside the temprature what else must be specified for solubility?

the pressure

the rate at which a solid dissolves is unrelated to its? Why?

solubility, because always the same amount of solute is disolved in a solvent regardless of how fast that solute disolves under the same condiitons

lithium chloride is highly soluable in? But gasolien isnt soluble in? Gasoline mixes with ? But lithium chloride cant mix with?

Water , benzene

Why is that? So what makes the subtsancesd alike?

its because like disolves like , type of bonding, polarity or nonpolarity,and the intermolecular forces between the solute and solvent

Only one substance becomes less soluble when we increase temprature and that is?

dilithium carbonate

When ions get disoolved inwater is reffered to?(this solution procces with water as the solvent is reffered to?)the ions are said to be?

hydration, hydrated

When crystalized from aqeuos solutions some ionec sobstances form crystals that have? and tehy are known as?

specific ratios have water , hydrates

When we heat up that hydrates we form an?

anhydrous salt

when we disolve an hydates or anhydrous we always result in a system to has?

hydrated ion and water

example of an ion that turns hydrated?

copper sulfate

Ionec ompounds are usually not soluable in? such as?

nonpolar solvents , carbon tetra chloride and toluene

why isnt lithium chloride not soluable in toulene?

cuz they differ in bonding polarity and intermolecular forces

the deffiniton of immiscible?

Liquids that are not dissolvable in each other

an example of immisible substances?

Toulene and water are immiscible

the only attraction between nonpolars is?

london dispersion forces

the def of miscible?

liquids that dissolve freely in one another in any proportion

an example for miscible?

benzene and carbon tetra chloride

Water and ethanol

give me an example of half miscible and half immiscible? Why?

ethanol Cuz one half of it is polar and the other is non polar and the polar area is the one disolved the half that its polar is OH

effect of pressure on solubility

it doesnt hcnage much it ones containing liquids and solids but increaisng prssure of gases increase solubilities in liquids

the def of henrys law?

the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly propertional to the partial pressure of that gas on the surafce of the liquid

the carbon dioxide is forced into the solution of flavored water at which atmospheric presssure? and when the atmospheric pressure turns into what 1?

5-10, that carbon dioxide bursts out

effervescence def?

the rapid escape of gas from a liquid in which its disvoled in