Renaissance and Reformation

A collection of flashcards focused on vocabulary and key figures from the Renaissance and Reformation period, as described in the lecture notes.

Humanism

A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized the study of classical texts, human potential, and achievements.

Patron

A person or group that provides financial support to artists, writers, and scholars, often influencing the direction of their work.

Vernacular

The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region, often used in literature during the Renaissance.

Indulgences

Payments made to the Catholic Church that were believed to reduce punishment for sins, which became a major point of contention during the Reformation.

Purgatory

In Catholic belief, a state of purification for souls who have died in a state of grace but still need to be purified before entering heaven.

Predestination

The doctrine that God has eternally chosen those whom he intends to save, associated with John Calvin's teachings.

Theocracy

A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god, often seen in the context of the Protestant Reformation.

Inquisition

A group of institutions within the Catholic Church aimed at combating heresy and maintaining religious orthodoxy, often through trials and punishments.

Machiavelli

An Italian Renaissance political philosopher known for his work 'The Prince,' which discusses power dynamics and statecraft.

Leonardo Da Vinci

A Renaissance artist and polymath known for masterpieces such as the 'Mona Lisa' and 'The Last Supper,' as well as his contributions to science and engineering.

Michelangelo

An Italian sculptor, painter, and architect of the Renaissance, famous for works like the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David.

Raphael

An Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance known for his beautiful Madonnas and the fresco 'The School of Athens.'

Johann Gutenberg

A German inventor who introduced printing to Europe with his mechanical movable-type printing press, revolutionizing the spread of information.

Henry VIII

King of England known for his six marriages and for initiating the English Reformation by breaking away from the Catholic Church.

Renaissance Cultural Shift

A shift from a focus on religious themes and the afterlife to an emphasis on humanism, individualism, and the appreciation of classical antiquity.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England from $1558$ to $1603$, known for her role in the English Renaissance and the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

John Calvin

A Protestant reformer whose teachings emphasized predestination and the sovereignty of God, significantly influencing the Reformed tradition.

Martin Luther

A German monk and theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, challenging the Catholic Church's practices.

Ignatius Loyola

The founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), who played a significant role in the Counter-Reformation and the spread of Catholic education.

Ferdinand and Isabella

The Catholic Monarchs of Spain whose marriage united Spain and who sponsored Christopher Columbus's voyages, leading to the Spanish Empire's expansion.

Impact of the Printing Press

Facilitated the rapid spread of ideas, literature, and religious texts, allowing for greater access to knowledge and contributing to the Reformation by disseminating reformist ideas.

Differences in Church Reformers

Reformers like Martin Luther emphasized salvation by faith alone and the authority of scripture, while others like John Calvin focused on predestination and a more structured church governance.

Catholic Church Response to the Reformation

The church responded with the Counter-Reformation, which included the Council of Trent, reforms in church practices, and the establishment of new religious orders to combat Protestantism.