Biology Chapters 1-5 (MARTYNOVA)

Unifying Themes of Biology

Organization, Information, Energy, Interaction and Evolution

Reductionism

Approach that reduces complex systems to simple components

Inductive Reasoning

Observations or experiments lead to hypothesis

Deductive Reasoning

Testing hypothesis or theory; if/then

Compound

Made of atoms joined by bonds

Element

Substance that can’t be broken down

Elements of Life

Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen

Isotopes

2 atoms with a different number of neutrons

Covalent Bonds

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons

Polar covalent bonds

1 atom is more electronegative, so the electrons are not shared equallyI

Ionic bonds

Strip elements from bonding partners

Hydrogen bonds

Covalent bonds of hydrogen and another electronegative atom (F, O or N)

Van der Waals Interactions

Electrons not evenly distributed, may accumulate in 1 part of molecule

Four properties of water that facilitate life

Cohesive behavior, Ability to moderate temperature, Expansion upon freezing, and Versatility as a solvent

Adhesion

Attraction between two different substances

Cohesion

Attraction between water molecules. contributes to the transport of water

What are the concentrations of H and OH in pure water?

Equal

How do you calculate ph?

-log[H+]

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules consisting of only C and H. Nonpolar

Isomers

Compounds with same molecular but different structures or properties

Structural Isomers

Same molecular formula with different structure or properties

Cis-Trans Isomers

Geometric isomers, same covalent bonds but different spacial arrangements

Enantiomers

Isomers that are mirror images of one another

Hydroxyl

Alcohols, polar and hydrophillic

Carboxyl

Acetic acids, polar, hydrophilic, weak acid

Amino Groups

Amino acids, polar, hydrophilic, weak base

Phosphate

DNA and ATP, polar, hydrophillic, acid

Carbonyl

Acetone, polar, hydrophillic

Methyl

Fatty acids, nonpolar, hydrophobic

Enzymes

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions

Glucose

Most common monosaccharide

Glycosidic linkage

Linkage of disaccharides

Starch

Polysaccharide that stores for plants

Glycogen

Polysaccharide that stores for animals

Cellulose

Insoluble fiber in human body

Chitin

Tough natural polymer in exoskeletons of insects and cell walls that provides structure and strength

Lipids are the only type of biological molecule that have…

no true polymers

Glycerol

3 carbon alcohol with hydroxyl group attached to each carbon (Lipid)

Fatty acid

Consists of carboxyl group attached to long carbon skeleton

Saturated fatty acids

Most number of H possible and no double bonds. Solid at room temp.

Unsaturated fatty acids

1 or more double bonds. Liquid at room temp.

Phospholipid

2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glyverol

Which part of phospholipid is hydrophobic?

tail

Which part of phospholipid is hydrophillic?

Head

What are proteins composed of?

C, H and N with small amounts of other elements like S

Enzymatic proteins

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

Defense proteins

Protection against disease

Storage proteins

Storage of amino acids

Transport proteins

Transport of substances

Hormonal proteins

Coordination of organism’s activites

Receptor proteins

Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Contractile and Motor proteins

Movement

Structural proteins

Support

Peptide bond

Bond between amino acids

Functional protein

Consists of 1 or more polypeptides, folded or coiled into a unique shape

Primary structure

Sequence of amino acids, determined by inherited genetic information

Secondary Structure

Consists of alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

Tertiary structure

Determined by interactions among R groups

Quaternary structure

Results when protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains

Disulfide bridges

Within quaternary structure, strong covalent bonds that reinforce structure

Protein denaturation

Occurs when pH, salt concentration or temp cause a protein to unravel. May be reversible.

Nucleotides

Monomers of nucleic acids

Central Dogma of Biology

DNA > RNA > Protein

Pyramidine

Single 6 sided ring (C, T, U)

Purine

1 6 sided ring, 1 5 sided ring (A, G)

Structure of nucleotide

Phosphate group, sugar and Nitrogenous base

What kinds of bonds mix with water?

Polar (like dissolves like)

Increasing pH by one point will…

Decrease [H+] by a factor of 10

Carbohydrates are linked by…

Glycosidic linkages

Carbohydrate monomers

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrate polymers

Polysaccharides

Adenine pairs with…

Thymine (or Uracil)

Guanine pairs with…

Cytosine

Thymine pairs with…

Adenine

Cytosine pairs with…

Guanine

Humans can only digest…

Alpha linkages

Unsaturated fats

Liquid at room temperature, double bonds form kinks

Saturated fats

Solid at room temperature, strictly single bonds

What portion of amino acids impact their properties?

R groups