health and fitness test 4

infection

a disease or condition caused by a microorganism

incubation period

time between infection and onset of symptoms

chain of infection

1.     Susceptible host: has factors that influence the risk of infection

2.     Infectious agent: pathogen, such as bacteria or virus

3.     Reservoir: where the organism survives, such as in a human

4.     Portal of exit: how the organism leaves, such as via blood

5.     Mode of transmission: how it spreads, such as direct contact

6.     Portal of entry: how it enters a new host, such as broken skin

virulence

speed and intensity which a pathogen can cause an infection

epidemic

widespread outbreak of a disease that affects many people

viruses

·      Unable to reproduce on its own

·      Can only replicate inside another organism’s cell

·      Do not usually survive long outside of host

bacteria

·      Speed of replication varies from 20 min to 2 weeks

·      Can enter a dormant stage where they can survive for years

physical barriers

·      Skin is first line of defense

·      Nasal passages and ear canals protected by hair

·      Lungs protected by cough reflex and cilia

chemical barriers

·      Saliva breaks down bacteria

·      Stomach acid difficult for organisms to survive

· Vagina is slightly acidic, discouraging bacteria growth

immune system

protects body against pathogens

innate immune system

boys natural ability to protect

acquired immune system

built up from exposure to pathogens

acute inflammatory response

initial reaction to tissue damage, brings blood to injury site

vaccine

preparation of weakened or killed microorganisms administered to confer immunity

controllable risk factors

·      Balanced diet

·      Sleep

·      Exercise

·      Stress

uncontrollable risk factors

·      Age

·      Genetics

autoimmune disease

immune system mistakenly identifies part of the body as nonself

antibiotic

a drug that works by killing or preventing the growth of bacteria

antibiotic resistance

ability of bacteria to adapt and grow in presence of antibiotics

global infectious diseases

·      Diarrhea

·      Tuberculosis

·      Malaria

HIV/ AIDS

Rapid weight loss, Cough, Night sweats, Diarrhea, Rashes or skin blemishes, Memory loss no cure

Chlamydia

Painful urinations, Genital discharge, Infertility, Ectopic pregnancy antibiotics

Gonorrhea

Inflammation, Painful urination, Thick genital discharge antibiotics

pelvic inflammatory disease

Pain in lower abdomen, Abnormal vaginal discharge, Chills, Pain during sex  antibiotics

human papillomavirus

causes genital warts and is linked to cancers such as cervical, anal, penile, and throat cancer. Many people have no symptoms. no cure

genital herpes

Causes painful blisters or sores around the genitals or rectum, itching, burning, and flu-like symptoms during outbreaks. no cure

hepatitis

Causes inflammation of the liver, which may lead to fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, and in severe cases liver damage or liver failure. either antibiotics or no cure

cardiovascular disease

leading cause of death in US

coronary heart disease

most common type of CVD

atherosclerosis

thickening or hardening of arteries due to buildup

CHD

atherosclerosis of coronary arteries

ischemia

insufficient oxygen to tissue

myocardial infarction

heart attack

coronary thrombosis

blockage of coronary artery by blood clot

angina

chest pain

arrhythmia

abnormal heartbeat

normal heartbeat

60-100 bpm

sudden cardiac arrest

loss of heart function

ventricular fibrillation

ventricles contract erratically, causing heart to tremor

stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

blood flow to brain is blocked

ischemic stroke

cause by blockage in blood vessel in brain

hemorrhagic stroke

rupture blood vessel which leads to brain bleeding

transient ischemic attacks (TIA)

ministrokes or periods of restricted blood supply

congestive heart failure

heart doesn’t pump blood as it should, fluids build up in lungs

normal blood pressure

<120, <80

elevated blood pressure

120-120, <80

hypertension stage 1

130-139, 80-89

hypertension stage 2

>140, >90

diabetes

metabolic disorder in which production or use of insulin is disrupted

type 1

pancreas produces little or no insulin

type 2

bodys cells become resistant to insulin

cancer

uncontrolled growth of cells

most new cases of cancer

breast cancer for women, prostate cancer for men

most deaths

lung cancer

stem cells

undifferentiated cells that can give rise to specialized cells

carcinogen

cancer causing substance

oncogene

gene that drives a cell to grow

tumor

mass of extra tissue

benign

slow growth, unlikely to spread

malignant

capable of spreading to surrounding tissues

metastasis

cancer that has spread from one part of the body to another r

stage 0

cancer in situ (only in layer of cells where it began)

stage 1

small and localized

stage 2 and 3

locally advanced, may involve lymph nodes

stage 4

metastasized to distant sites

carcinoma

arise from epithelial tissue

sarcoma

arise in connective tissue

lukemia

cancer of blood or bone marrow

lymphoma

originate in lymph nodes or glands

risk factors for cancer

·      Family history

·      Lifestyle factors

·      Social and economic factors

·      Environmental factors

cancer treatments

·      Surgery

·      Chemotherapy

·      Radiation

skin cancer ABCDE

Asymmetry

Border irregularity

Color variation

Diameter larger than ¼ inch

Evolving

unintentional injuries

those that are not purposefully inflicted

leading cause of unintentional injury

motor vehicle accidents

violence

use of force or threat of force to inflict intentional injury, physical or psychological

assault

attack by one person on another using force or threat of force to inflict injury

hazing

actions taken to cause mental or physical discomfort, embarrassment or ridicule in individuals seeking to join an organization

hate speech

acts that convey a grossly negative view of persons based on gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation or disability

sexual assault and coercion

sexual assault is any sexual behavior forced on someone without their consent

statutory rape

sexual intercourse with someone under the age of consent

the red zone

a period of time when female students are at greatest risk

sexual harassment

person of authority or suggestive language

stalking

malicious following, harassing or threatening of one person by another

cyberstalking

use of electronic media to pursue, harass or contact another person who has not solicited the contact

cyberharrassment

tormenting emails, instant messages, blog entries and website entries

cyberbullying

amongst children and college students

deepfake

artificial intelligence software used to create realistic fake videos and pictures that mimic a targets voice, facial expressions and mannerisms