History 1500 Final

Muslims, Goths, Byzantines

Heirs of Rome

Roman Political Identity

Christian Religious Identity

unity of church and state

preserved classical greek culture

Justinian the Great

Militarism

theodosian walls

diocletian divided the empire east/west impact today

conquered by the ottomans

iconoclasm

Muslims believed idolatry too

military losses blamed on

God punishing

icons banned by Leo lll bc of

icons back to stay at 840s

Muhammad

caravan trader, acquainted with Judaism/christianity

married Khadija

revelation during ramadan-became prophet

restored religion of abraham

united much or arabia

“seal of the prophets”

Hijra

hijra

flight from Mecca to Medina, start of muslim calendar

Quran

perfect word of God, written in heaven in Arabic

Islam

submission, true religion of abraham

1. belief

2. prayer

3. almsgiviing

4. fasting

5. hajj

5 pillars of Islam

jihad

struggle

holy war

sunnis and Shi’ites

split over Muhammad succession

Umayyad Caliphate

Sunnis

capital to Damascus

Abbasid Caliphate

rebellions

capital to Baghdad

500-1500 AD

collapse of Rome in west to age of discovery/renaissance

goths

germans

take over Rome

rex

king/military dictators

arian Christians

peaked arches

medieval Europe architecture

Holy Roman Empire

germany and parts of Italy

early ages

spread of christianity, power of the pope, though it takes centuries for him to be supreme authority
Islamic Civilization is the most advanced

merovingian franks

adopted roman christianity with baptism of Clovis

do-nothing kings

charlemagne

crowned holy roman emperor by pope on Christmas Day, 800

model of a christian king

1000

by _____ AD all Europe is Christian

feudalism

lords/vassals/serfs

central Middle Ages

lords

own the land

vassals

get to rule over part of the land and get income in exchange for homage, military service, and loyalty

serfs

work to pay debt

bound to the land

could sometimes gain freedom by running away to a city

code of chivalry

informal, evolving 12th-century European ethical code for knights, emphasizing bravery, military prowess, loyalty, and Christian piety

monasticism

monks/nuns

central Middle Ages

castles

viking invasions ended with the building of ____

gregorian reforms

monasticism church leadership

papal supremacy

liberation theology

against simony

simony

purchase of church office

rome, Jerusalem, Santiago de Compostela

pilgrimage to ___, ______, ______.

medieval times

seen as a quick way to enter heaven, without spending much time in purgatory

crusades

firs captures jerusalem, rest are less significant

seen as a way to gain salvation

st francis

friars who lived among the people (not in monasteries)

waldo

French merchant, religious heretic, led first group of “protestants”

jews

not able to own land property, suffered violent persecution, many worked as bankers because they could charge interest on loans

late Middle Ages

vernacular literacy increased

black plague killed 1/3 of europe

pikes, crossbows, longbows developed

knights less important

africa

nomadic, animal husbandry

north

Egypt, Carthage

east

swahili coast

west

ghana, mali, Songhai

south

great Zimbabwe

northeast

Nubia, Ethiopia, ghana

Meroe

had pyramids and reformed Egyptian type writing

berbers

indigenous, north africa

trans-saharan trade

traded slaves and gold for salt and textiles

East African coast

Indian Ocean trade, Arabian influence, Swahili language

great zimbabwe

great stone structures, center of civilization in southern africa

bantu migrations

bringing iron/horses from central/west to Southern Africa, pushed Khoisan people to the margins

sundiata

famous leader east of Ghana, conquered capital of Ghana, founded Mali

mansa musa

nephew of sundial, most famous west African ruler, adopted islam, performed the hajj with elephants

eurasian steppe

homeland of the domestication of the horse, high trade, a bit of a paradox because it was so unlikely to develop yet influenced so many others

pre-empire mongols

depended on animals

mobility to survive

trading/raiding

shamanistic religion

yurts

Genghis khan

unified mongols

caimans, tatars, turks

blurred tribal lines

distributed loot

terror tactics

died on campaign in northwest china

military

written language

foreign relations and tolerance

Genghis khan’s legacy

khanates

after Khan, empire was plagued by dynastic disputes, ultimately split into 4 ____

khubilai khan

genghis’ grandson

united all of china

emperor of yuan dynasty

connections, tolerant of religions

Golden Horde

northwest khanate “great camp”

black plague led to downfall

large territory including Russia, Ukraine, Poland

largest land empire

military progress

reunify china

trade

mongolian empire’s legacy

Mesa verde

cities on high cliffs, farmed upper mesa

Mississippi River valley

copper use

maize and beans

cahokia

thousands or burial, ritual, temple mounds

olmecs

1500-400

oldest mesoamerican civilization

followed by mayans, Aztecs, and incans

cement technology

advanced neolithic societies

Mayan civilization

100-900

ball game (losers often sacrifices)

human sacrifice

teotihuacan

100-900

mass migration

urban planning

became a sacred place for aztecs

most visited archeological site today

toltecs

900-1250

dominated Mayan city Chichen Itza

Aztecs

1325-1521

Mexico, central america

capital at tenochtitlan

conquered by Spain in 1521

Incans

modern tile, peru

nazca line drawings in peru

machu pichu

conquered by Francisco Pizarro in 1532

discovery of new world

division between pre-modern/modern history

T-O map

portolan charts

Rhumb lines

Prester john

legendary christian king in Asia who was said would usher in 2nd coming

defense

Byzantium military focused on

Justinian the Great

last emperor that spoke latin

married Theodora

extended territory and Hagia Sophia

corpus Juris Civilis

basis for modern civil laws

Caesar-papism

emperor is christ’s deputy

monophysites

christ’s divine nature

Council of Chalcedon

divine and human

orthodox

nika riots

532

blues vs greens

burn Hagia sophia

Theodora made stay

Heraclius

610-641

phocas overthrew previous, slavs and avars took balkans, persia growing

son of governor of Africa deposed phocas

holy war

rhetoric and guerrilla war to take syria, Palestine, egypt

Arabs take over-survive with unity and adaptability

iconoclast controversy

726-842

military loses

volcanic eruption

Leo lll removed

840-back to stay

Hadith

8-9c.

accounts of prophets quotes- chain of narrators

different branches and versions

belief

prayer'

almsgiving

fasting

hajj

5 pillars of Islam

jihad

struggle-sometimes seen as 6th pillar

missionary and trials

holy war

world divided into Dar al-Islam and Dar al-Harb

al-ka’aba

4 caliphs

sunnis and Shi’ites

after Muhammad

battle of Karbala

680

Islam split permanent

shahada

confession of faith

salat

ritual of prayer

zakat

tithing