SAAT Biology Section 8 (Cell Chemistry and Biological Molecules) - تحصيلي

Biomolecules

Composed of smaller organic compounds to form polymers

Proteins

Type of polymer; made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds CONH

Proteins role

Transports substances, are enzymes to speed up biological reactions, provide structural support like collagen in skin and keratin in hair

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up biological reactions (affected by pH and temperature)

Enzyme dependence

On the shape of the protein to function like a key lock mechanism

How many amino acids make up proteins

20 amino acids

Carbohydrates

Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio 1:2:1

General formula for carbohydrates

(CH₂O)_n

Monosaccharides

Glucose, galatose, frutose

Disaccharides

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Maltose

Glucose + glucose

Sucrose

Glucose + fructose

Lactose

Glucose + galactose

Polysaccharides

Cellulose in plant cell wall, chitin in exoskeleton of arthopods, glycogen form of glucose in muscles and liver

Lipids

Made up of fats, oils, and waxes

Triglyceride

A lipid made out of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Saturated fats

Tail chains that lipids have with only single bonds between the carbon atoms

Unsaturated fats

Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain can accommodate at least one more hydrogen

Fats

The largest storage of energy and also cushion the delicate organs and insulate the body

Phospholipids

Makes up the lipid bilayer, formed by replacing one fatty acid with phosphate groups

Steroids examples

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, and cortisone

Nucleotides

Smaller repeating subunits

Six major nucleotides

Phosphate, nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar

What nucleic acids do

Store genetic information

Two types of nucleic acids found in living organisms

Deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Nucleotide with three phosphate groups