APUSH Period 3(1754 - 1800)

Ohio Valley

Few white settlers inhabited in 1750, known to European settlers more by rumor than observation

Seven Years’ War

The last and most important of four colonial wars fought between England and France for control of North America east of the Mississippi River. The war began because of the Ohio Company’s demand for French recognition of its land claims.

George Washington

He was dispatched at 21 by the colony’s governor on an unsuccessful mission to persuade French soldiers to abandon a fort they were building on lands claimed by the Ohio Company

William Pitt

Secretary of State, took office in 1757, raised a lot of money, poured men and naval forces into the Seven Years’ War.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended the 7 years’ War, Britain gained all of France’s territory east of the Mississippi River (including Canada)

Pontiacs War

A war inspired by the Delaware prophet Neolin in which allied

William Pitt’s strategies

1. Recruit colonial troops

2. Iroquois Allies

3. Superior British Navy

4. Battle of Quebec

Virtual representation

The idea that the American colonies, although they had no actual representative in Pariament, were “virtually” represented by all members of Parliament

Sugar Act

1764 decision by Parliamet to tax refined sugar and many other colonial products

Currency Act

Reaffirmed the earlier ban on colonial assemblies’ issuing paper as “legal tender”

Stamp Act

managed to offend almost every free colonist, tax without colonial consent. Applied to newspapers, dice and cards

Sons of Liberty

Organization formed by Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and other radical men in response to the Stamp Act

Declaratory Act

Immediately followed the repealing of the Stamp Act. Rejected Americans’ claims that only their elected representatives could levy taxes.

Townshend Acts

1767 Parliamentary measures that taxes tea and other commodities and established a Board of Customs Commissioners and colonial vice-admiralty courts.

Daughters of Liberty

Organization formed by women in 1767 to protest against the British by boycotting British goods, making replacement products such as homespun cloth, and publicizing their efforts to encourage others(public spinning and weaving bees)

Boston Massacre

Clash between British soldiers and a Boston mob, March 5th, 1770, in which five colonists were killed. Crispus Attucks was one of the protesters who was killed.

Boston Tea Party

The incident on December 16th, 1773, in which the Sons of Liberty dumped hundreds of chest of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act of 1773.

Intolerable Acts

4 parliamentary measures in reaction to the Boston Tea Party:

• Boston Port Bill: closed port of Boston until the tea was paid for(temporarily)

• Massachusetts Government Act: general Gage = governor of MA

• Quartering Act

• Administration of Justice Act: “Murder Act”

Continental Congress

Formed to resist the Intolerable Acts. First meeting of representatives of the colonies, held in Philedelphia in 1774 to formulate actions against British policies in the 2nd Continental Congress. The colonial representatives conducted the war and adopted the Declaration of Indepedence and the Articles of Confederation.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

The 1st shots fired in the Revoluntionary War, on 4/19/1775, near Boston; about 100 minutemen and 250 British soldiers killed

Battle of Bunker Hill

1st major battle of the Revolutionary War, it actually took place at nearby Breed’s Hill, Massachusetts, on June 17th 1775.

Continental Army

Authorized by Continental Congress in 1775 to fight the British, comanded by General George Washington

Common Sense

A pamphlet anonymously written by Thomas Paine in January of 1776 that attacked the English principles of “heriditary rule and monarchical government”

Declaration of Independence

Document adopted on July 4th 1776, that made the break with Britain official; drafted by a commitee of the 2nd Continental Congress, including principal writer Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson

Was a founding father, third president of the US, primary author of the Declaration of Indepedence

Hessians

Well-trained army, hired soldiers from German states like Hesse. About 30,000 German soldiers hired by the British crown to fight against American colonists during the American Revolutionary War.

Lord Dunmore’s proclamation

1775, offered freedom to slaves who joined the British cause

Battle of Trenton

Fought on December 26th 1776 in Trenton, New Jersey. Crucial American victory, surprise attack on Hessian soldiers

Battle of Saratoga

Major defeat of British general John Burgoyne and more than 5,000 British troops at Saratoga, New York, on October 17th, 1777.

Valley Froge

Washington’s army suffered a lot from the cold weather. Men with other options went home and the ones who stayed were either African Americans, landless or unskilled laborers.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Signed on September 3rd 1783, the treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, recognized American Independence from Britain, established a border between Canada and the US, fixed the western border at the Mississippi River and ceded Florida to Spain(without setting Florida’s border)

Battle of Yorktown

Last battle of the Revolutionary War; General Lord Charles Cornwallis along with over 8,000 British troops surrendered at Yorktown, Virginia, on October 17th, 1781.

Treaty of Alliance with France

Signed on February 6th 1778 that united France and US against great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.

Evacuation Day

March 17th 1776, general Washington placed cannons from Fort Ticonderoga on Dorcester Heights. The British left because they didn’t want a repeat of Bunker Hill.

Military Strategies(American)

• Attrition: wearing down over time

• Guerilla tactics: hit and run, ambushes

• Alliances with Britains enemies

Military Strategies(Britain)

• Break the colonies in half(north and south)

• Blockade the ports to prevent flow of goods and supplies

• Hire mercenaries (the Hessians)

• Alliances with American loyalists, Indians and slaves

Abagail Adams

One of the revolutionary era’s greatest thinkers and writers. She kept her husband informed of events in MA while he was in Philedelphia and offered opinions.

Republics

Citizens govern themselves by electing representatives

Suffrage

The right to vote

Separation of church and state

Brought together deists, revoluntionary concept

Free labor

Working for wages or owning a farm or shop

Inflation

An economic condition in which prices rise continuosly

Free trade

The belief that economic development arises from the exchange of goods between different countries without governmental interference

Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to Great Brtain during teh War of Independence

Abolition

Social movement of the pre-civil war era that davocated the immediate emancipation of the slaves and their incorporation into American society as equal citizens

Freedom petitions

Arguments for liberty presented to courts and legislatures starting in the early 1770s by enslaved African AmericnsP

Phillis Wheatley

Black poet who wrote “My love of freedom”, considered the 1st African American author of a published book of poetry

Gradual emancipation

1777 - 1804: every state north of Maryland took steps towards emancipation. Generally, abolition laws did not apply to living slaves(applied to their childhood). The method of abolitiion imepeded emancipation

Free blacks

African American persons not held in slaveryC

Coverture

Principle in English and US law that a married woman lost her legal identity, which became “covered” by that of her husband, who therefore controlled her person and their family’s economic resources.

Republican motherhood

The ideology that emerged as a result of American Independence where women’s political role was to train their sons to be future citizens.