AP World History - Ultimate Guide (copy)

Growth of long-distance trade

Rises out of the collapse of classical civilization and interactions between new states.

Religious Mysticism

Focuses on mystical experiences that bring adherents closer to the divine through practices like prayer and meditation.

Buddhism

Founded in India by Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), rejects the caste system and emphasizes the Four Noble Truths.

Four Noble Truths

Buddhist principles stating that (1) all life is suffering, (2) suffering is caused by desire, (3) one can be freed of desire, and (4) following a prescribed path can lead to freedom from desire.

Christianity

Based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, emphasizing love for God and others, and offering salvation through faith.

Confucianism

Developed by Confucius, emphasizes social order and ethical governance through five fundamental relationships.

Hinduism

Belief system centered on Brahma as the supreme force, with goals of achieving moksha through following dharma and multiple reincarnations.

Islam

Founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, emphasizing submission to Allah and adherence to the Five Pillars.

Judaism

Monotheistic faith focusing on the covenant between God and the Hebrew people, foundational to Western religious thought.

Abbasid Dynasty

Islamic empire from 750-1258 CE known for its cultural achievements and the establishment of Baghdad as a center of learning.

Feudalism

European hierarchical social system in the Middle Ages where land was owned by nobles who provided military service to kings.

Emergence of Nation-States

Transition from feudal kingdoms to modern states based on linguistic and cultural organization.

Silk Routes

Trade routes connecting the East and West, facilitating the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas.

Trans-Saharan trade routes

Trade paths connecting West Africa to the Islamic Empire, primarily for commodities like gold and salt.

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another through various forms of interaction.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement in the 16th century led by figures like Martin Luther, challenging Catholic Church practices and authority.

Scientific Revolution

Period marked by advancements in scientific thought, emphasizing observation and experimentation in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Industrial Revolution

Era beginning in the late 18th century characterized by the transition to industrial production and the growth of urban centers.

Decolonization

Process through which colonies gained independence from colonial powers in the mid-20th century.

Globalization

The process of increasing interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.