p2: stages of learning

first stage of learning

cognitive

second stage of learning

associative

third stage of learning

autonomous

cognitive characteristics

movements are slow, inefficient, and inconsistent

considerable cognitive activity is required

movements are mostly controlled consciously

associative characteristics

movements are more fluid, reliable, and efficient

less cognitive activity is required

some parts of the movement are controlled consciously, and some automatic

autonomous characteristics

movements are accurate, consistent, and efficient

little to no cognitive activity is required

movement is largely controlled automatically

cognitive example

teacher demonstrates an overhead clear in badminton, explaining the coaching points, allowing the learner to form a mental picture

associative example

learner has a good mental picture of the overhead clear and practises it, it goes well and the teacher praises them, learner begins to get a kinaesthetic sense and understands their mistakes, they try to correct these mistakes

autonomous example

learner is now able to focus on where on the court to place the shuttle in relation to their opponent's position

feedback for cognitive

external

positive (reinforces success)

specific (helps with correcting errors)

feedback for associative

verbal (easy for the leaner to utilise)

feedback for autonomous

internal/intrinsic

external (highlights errors + helps to maintain improvement)

guidance for cognitive

visual: a demonstration, create a mental picture in the learner

verbal: simple, basic information on what needs to be done

manual: physically supporting the movements to learn the body position

mechanical: a mechanical aid, increasing safety + developing a kinaesthetic sense

guidance for associative

visual: demonstration of a more difficult skill/movement

verbal: feedback to develop + refine skills

manual: for more specific body positions/movements, increasing safety + confidence

mechanical: equipment to help practice more complex actions or to groove a skill

guidance for autonomous

visual: demonstration of difficult moves

verbal: advanced tactics or strategies + giving technical details

manual: limited in order to encourage kinaesthetic awareness

mechanical: equipment set to high difficulty/speed etc.