OCR A Level PE Emergence and evolution of sport

Social class (pre industrial)

Two classes (upper, lower / gentry, peasant)

No middle class

Classes had different sports / pastimes

Nature of some activities reflected the class

Gender (pre industrial)

Society was male dominated

So, sports were male dominated

Women seen as weaker sex so lower participation in sport

Law & Order (pre industrial)

No police force, uncivilised

Sport was cruel and violent

1829 Metropolitan Police Act brought in

Education / Literacy (pre industrial)

Upper class literate

Lower class illiterate

Simple, unwritten rules for lower class

Codified rules for upper class

Availability of time (pre industrial)

Upper class had free time

Lower class 75 hours working weeks

Lower class only participate on annual festivals and holy days

Availability of money (pre industrial)

Lower class can’t afford equipment so used natural facilities and equipment

Upper class could afford specialised and expensive facilities

Type and availability of transport (pre industrial)

Horses and carriages for upper class but poor road conditions

Limited transport for lower class so games were local

Social class (post 1850)

Prominent divisions with middle class introduced

Different classes played different sports

Saturday half days for factory workers

Gender (post 1850)

Women expected to be ladylike

Law and order (post 1850)

Police force established in London 1829 - this reflected the civilising process of society

Sports were more controlled with less wagering

Education / literacy (post 1850)

The 1870 education act lead to national state education systems

Working class keen to read sporting press

Upper / middle class establishing NGBs

Availability of time (post 1850)

Shorter working week - Saturday half day and a week paid holiday which made some sports more regular

Numerous factory acts improved working conditions which reflected the civilising process

Availability of money (post 1850)

Factory workers could afford gate money to see their team

Middle class could afford a tennis set

Wealthy families continued country sports (hunting, shooting, fishing)

Transport (post 1850)

Most significant factor after 1850

Sports now regular and regional

Steam trains invented

Social class (20th century)

Divisions more vague but still influenced choice of sport

Different classes participated in different sports

Upper class wider variety to choose from

Gender (20th century)

Continued increased female participation but lower than males

No professionalisation of female sport

No media coverage of female sport

Law and order (20th century)

The 2 world wars had negative impact on participation

Drugs / doping blighted athletics from the 60's as hooliganism did in the 70's and 80's

A cause of the 1989 Hillsborough tragedy was perimeter fencing to keep order / avoid pitch invasions

The 96 who died were unlawfully killed

Education / literacy (20th century)

Impact of sports science as an academic discipline along with engineering increased both levels of elite performance and participation from the 70's

Helped disability sport to grow

Transport (20th century)

Car ownership and cheap air travel widespread by end of century

Availability of time and money (20th century)

Increased opportunity, provision, participation (golf expensive and exclusive)

More leisure time for many; issue of unemployment

The expense of attending an independent school where providing comprehensive sporting programme easier for state school

Social class (21st century)

Less defined social classes with much more fluidity to move between them

Sports still associated with certain classes

Some sports still affected by elitism and expenses

Gender (21st century)

Sexism and discrimination increasingly challenged

Female participation lower than male

Increased media coverage of women’s sport

Law and order (21st century)

Issues concerning:

- Drugs, doping, hooliganism, match fixing, bribery

- Legal claims in contact sport

- Impacted safety of spectators, which is now bound by law. Negligence / duty of care

- Less violence

Education (21st century)

Sports science increasingly popular course

Less than 1/3 of Team GB Rio Olympic medallists attended fee-paying schools - narrowing divide by 4% on London 2012

Availability of time and money (21st century)

Free time and income continues to shape participation in sport

Negative impact of world economic recession on opportunities for participation

Huge regional and worldwide differences in income

Work-life balance issues / 'money rich but time poor'

Transport (21st century)

Even quicker transport and communications

Continued growth / development of specialist sports tour companies

In Britain, issues with road congestion and expense / reliability of public transport

Globalisation

The process by which sport has developed international influence and begun to operate on an international scale.

Globalisation is linked to

Freedom of movement for performers

Media coverage

Greater exposure of people to sport

Freedom of movement for performers

Their choice to play / train in a country different to their home country

So:

Some athletes change nationality to represent a different country

Air travel allows mid week games within Europe

But:

The impact on the national football and rugby union teams is widely debated - England rugby only select players who play for England clubs

And:

Uncertainty continues regarding how the UK's Brexit vote will impact on freedom of movement for performers.

Greater exposure of people to sport

TV is most powerful aspect of the sport

The significance of...

- The golden triangle

- TV rights

- Power of the media to dictate to sport (scheduling, timings)

- Sky sports, radio, written press, internet, social media all ensure a huge variety of different sports is now available 24/7

- Red button options / Smart TV give enhanced coverage

- Power of the media to fuel and tackle discrimination

Professionalisation (pre industrial)

Amateurs were upper class

Professional were lower class

Lower classes took laborious roles

Professionalisation (post industrial)

Broken time payments as working class compensated for missed work wages

Amateurs looked down on professionals

Professionalisation (20th century)

Professionalism grew for working class

Leading to increased standard of sport as they could train more

Clubs could afford to pay due to spectatorship and entry fees

Middle class looked down on professionals

Professionalisation (21st century)

Professionals from all social classes

Increased professional female sport

Professionalism no longer frowned upon and has a high status