Final Exam Review: Cold War in Asia and Economic Miracles

Flashcards covering global orders, Cold War conferences, economic development theories, and democratic backsliding based on lecture notes.

Westphalian Order

A set of norms based on sovereignty, territorial integrity, noninterference in the domestic affairs of states, self-determination, and nondiscrimination.

Liberal International Order

An open, rules-based system characterized by free markets, international institutions, cooperative security, democracy, and the rule of law, supported by the UN, World Bank, IMF, and WTO.

Fourteen Points

A list of principles proposed by Woodrow Wilson in $1918$ advocating for openness, freedom of navigation, free trade, arms reductions, and a League of Nations.

Atlantic Charter

A $1941$ agreement between FDR and Churchill stating that people have the right to choose their own government and all countries should have equal access to trade.

Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers ($1943$)

A meeting establishing a universal organization based on the equal sovereignty of all states, including the US, UK, USSR, and China.

Cairo Conference

A $1943$ meeting where it was declared that Japan would be stripped of islands seized since $1914$ and that Manchuria, Formosa, and Pescadores would be restored to the Republic of China.

Tehran Conference

A $1943$ meeting where Stalin confirmed the USSR would enter the war against Japan after Germany's defeat, in exchange for rewards like the half of Sakhalin Island.

Bretton Woods

A $1944$ treaty signing by $44$ nations that established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, with the US dollar as the gold-backed reserve currency.

GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade)

An agreement created in $1947$ to promote free trade, which later evolved into the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Dumbarton Oaks and San Francisco Conferences

Meetings held between $1944$ and $1945$ to design the structure of the new international security organization, creating the General Assembly and the Security Council.

Yalta Conference

A $1945$ meeting where secret agreements gave the USSR the Kuril Islands, the southern half of Sakhalin, and preeminent rights in the Manchurian railways.

Potsdam Proclamation

A July $1945$ document demanding Japan's unconditional surrender or face prompt and utter destruction.

SCAP (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers)

The title held by General Douglas MacArthur, who directed the US occupation and radical reform of Japan from $1945$ to $1948$.

Article $9$

The clause in the new Japanese constitution where Japan renounced war as a sovereign right.

Containment

A policy introduced by George Kennan in $1946$ based on the idea that the USSR would eventually fall apart from the inherent flaws of Marxism.

Truman Doctrine

A $1947$ policy stating the US would support free peoples resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.

Marshall Plan

A $1947$ initiative to provide economic aid to rebuild Europe and pull countries away from Soviet influence.

Sun Yat-sen

The leader known as the Father of Modern China who established the Republic of China on January $1$, $1912$.

Defensive Perimeter

A concept introduced by Dean Acheson in $1950$ defining Japan and the Philippines as vital security interests, notably excluding mainland Asia and Taiwan.

NSC-$68$

A $1950$ document that globalized, militarized, and ideologized the containment doctrine, leading to the tripling of the US defense budget.

Yoshida Doctrine

A Japanese policy focused on economic development while relying on the United States for national security.

Great Leap Forward

A radical economic campaign from $1958$ to $1962$ in China that turned collectives into communes and resulted in a famine killing $18$ to $55$ million people.

Chinese Cultural Revolution

A decade of sociopolitical upheaval ($1966$ to $1976$) aimed at destroying the four olds (costumes, habits, culture, ideas) and preserving revolutionary spirit.

$1954$ Geneva Accords

The agreement that ended the First Indochina War, establishing a provisional military demarcation line at the $17\text{th}$ parallel.

SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization)

A collective defense organization created by the US to bring South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia under a security umbrella.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A $1964$ congressional resolution allowing the US president to take all necessary means to repel attacks against US forces in Vietnam.

Tet Offensive

A $1968$ series of North Vietnamese attacks that served as a demoralizing turning point for US domestic support of the Vietnam War.

Nixon Doctrine

A $1969$ policy stating that while the US would uphold alliance commitments, partner countries had to provide their own troops for their defense.

Perestroika

A policy of reconstruction introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev to decentralize the Soviet economy.

Glasnost

A policy of openness introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev that allowed more transparency and freedom of information in the USSR.

Modernization Theory ($1950\text{s}$)

A teleological theory asserting that societies progress through definite stages from traditional models to modern models as they develop.

Teleology

A philosophical account that understands historical events as if they are working toward a definite endpoint.

Praetorian Society

A concept by Samuel Huntington describing a society where social mobilization and political participation are high but political institutionalization is low.

Predatory State

A state that expropriates wealth from society to sustain those in power, often through centralized or decentralized predation.

Developmental State

A state that acts as a helping hand to correct market failures and guide the private sector toward growth, as seen in East Asian miracles.

Static Comparative Advantage

An economic theory suggesting countries gain most by exporting what they already have an advantage in producing, often commodities for developing nations.

Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

An inward-oriented approach where developing countries manufacture goods locally that they previously imported, often protected by tariffs.

Targeted Export-Led Growth

An outward-oriented strategy focused on exporting manufactured goods with high technology, used by East Asian countries starting in the $1970\text{s}$.

MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry)

The elite Japanese economic bureaucracy that coordinated industrial policy and guided market development.

Embedded Autonomy

A term used by Peter Evans to describe a state that is autonomous enough from elites to be effective but embedded enough to know what is socially possible.

$1997$ Asian Financial Crisis

A crisis triggered by the devaluation of the Thai Baht, leading to speculative attacks and the collapse of currencies and stock markets across Southeast Asia.

Gini Index

A statistical measure of income inequality on a scale from $0$ to $100$, where $0$ represents perfect equality.

Kuznets Curve

A hypothetical relationship between economic growth and inequality, suggesting inequality increases during early development before decreasing later.

Ontology

The study of being, existence, and reality, often framed in the context of the relationship between the self and the collective.

Sovereign Wealth Fund

A government-owned investment fund financed by natural resource revenue or trade surpluses, such as those in Norway or China.

Pillars of Democracy

Internal components including the Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary branches, along with Free Media as the fourth pillar.

Democratic Backsliding

The process of decline in the quality of democracy, characterized by shrinking civil liberties, weakened opposition, and politicized institutions.

AFSPA ($1990$)

The Armed Forces Special Powers Act, which grants the military authority to arrest without warrant and provides immunity from prosecution in disturbed areas.