Unit 1 Hard Concepts

what are the size of prokaryotic ribosomes found in the cytoplasm

70s

where is the genetic material of prokaryotes contained

nucleoid

where is the genetic material of eukaryotes contained

membrane bound nucleus

what do prokaryotic cells generally lack

membrane bound organelles

most prokaryotic cells have a cell wall that…

helps organisms maintain cellular morphology and protects it against changes in osmotic pressure

outside of the nucleoid, where would prokaryotic cells contain extrachromosomal DNA?

plasmids

what are the functions of inclusions in prokaryotic cells

store nutrients or chemicals for other uses

what does the cell envelope in prokaryotic cells include

plasma membrane and cell wall

how to most molecules move across the bacterial membrane?

simple diffusion

how do most large molecules move across the bacterial membrane

active transport

what are the filamentous appendages of prokaryotic cells

fimbriae and pili

what are the functions of fimbriae and pili

aid in attachment to surfaces

what filamentous appendage is used to transfer genetic material between cells

pili

what do some prokaryotic cells use to move through water

flagella

what is the type of bacteria that has numerous flagella and uses runs and tumbles to move purposefully in the direction of a chemical attractant?

peritrichous

cells that are defined by the presence of a nucleus containing the DNA genome and bound by a nuclear membrane composed of 2 lipid bilayers are called

eukaryotic

what do lipid bilayers do

regulate transport of materials in/out of the nucleus through nuclear pores

where is the site of ribosomal synthesis located in eukaryotic cells

nucleolus

how many ribosomes does the rough endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm contain in eukaryotic cells

80S

how many ribosomes do mitochondria and chloroplasts contain in eukaryotic cells

70S

what does the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells contain

vesicles, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum

what are the endomembrane system membrane bound organelles involved in

transport

this organelle plays a role in lipid biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of toxic compounds

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

how many membrane bound ribosomes does the rough endoplasmic reticulum contain

80S

what do the ribosomes on the rough er do?

synthesize proteins destined for the cell membrane

where is the mitochondrial matrix located within?

inner membrane

what does the mitochondrial matrix contain?

DNA, 70s ribosomes, metabolic enzymes

fungi, algae, plants, and some protists have…

a cell wall

cells of animals and some protozoans have a…

extracellular matrix

what does the extracellular matrix in animals and some protozoans cells do

provides structural support and mediates cellular signaling

structurally similar to eukaryotic flagella but shorter, may be used for locomotion, feeding, or movement of extracellular particles

cilia

type of bacteria that is a phylum of gram-negative bacteria

proteo

what classes are proteobacteria further classified into

alpha-, beta-, gamma-, delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria

spirochetes, chlamydia, and many representative of phototrophic bacteria are considered

gram-negative nonproteobacteria

not a taxon, but a group categorized by their ability to use the energy of sunlight

phototrophic bacteria

environmentally important, helping to create soil, providing food, and acting as indicators of air pollution

lichens

what are the shapes of viruses

helical, polyhedral, complex

lytic cycle

leads to death of host

lysogenic cycle

leads to integration of phage into the host genome

what do bacteriophages inject into host cells?

DNA

how do animal viruses enter the host cell

endocytosis or membrane fusion

what is the growth curve of bacteriophage populations

one-step multiplication

the same number and types of atoms may bond together in diff ways to yield diff molecules called…

isomers

isomers that differ in the bonding sequence of their atoms are…

structural isomers

the spatial arrangement of atoms whose bonding sequence are the same are called…

stereoisomers

polymers that are assembled from individual units (monomers) which bind together like building blocks

macromolecules

when an atom does not contain = numbers of protons and elections

ion

bonds that are formed when an electron is shared between 2 atoms

covalent

bonds that form between 2 atoms of the same or diff elements that share the electrons equally

nonpolar covalent

bonds that have an unequal distribution of electrons

polar covalent

what is the most abundant biomolecules on earth that are widely used by organisms for structural energy storage purposes

carbohydrates

building blocks for the synthesis of polymers or complex carbohydrates

monosaccharides

what is a common structural component of the cell walls of organisms

polysaccharide cellulose

what are lipids mainly composed of

carbon, hydrogen, but can also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus

provide nutrients for organisms, store carbon and energy, play structural roles in membranes, and functions as hormones, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, and pigments

lipids

small molecules essential to all life are

amino acids

polymers that are formed by linkage of amino acids via dehydration synthesis

peptides

bonds between the linked amino acids are

peptide bonds

polymers that are formed by the linkage of a very large number of amino acids

proteins

what are the functions of protein

serve as nutrients and enzymes, storage molecules for carbon, nitrogen, and energy, structural components

the majority of plant viruses are _______ and undergo latency, chronic, or lytic infection, as observed in animal viruses

positive-strand ssRNA

what do eukaryotic membranes contain that alter membrane fluidity, as well as glycoproteins and glycolipids, which help the cell recognize other cells and infectious particles

sterols

gram-positive bacteria are classified into high G+C gram-positive and low G+C gram-positive bacteria based on what

guanine and cytosine nucleotides in their genome

very small, pleomorphic low G+C gram-positive bacteria that lack cell walls are

mycoplasma spp.