fish final vocab and things to memorize

not comprehensive of all topics just stuff to memorize that is reasonable to put in flashcards

examples of fish endotherms

tuna, mackerel, mako shark, thresher sharks

chloride cells

specialized cells located primarily in the gills of teleost fish (and some aquatic invertebrates) responsible for active ion transport, osmoregulation, and acid-base regulation. They maintain internal salinity by excreting ions (Na+, Cl-) in seawater and absorbing them in freshwater

pillar cell

specialized structural cells in fish gills that support the secondary lamellae, creating pillars between the two epithelial layers to maintain space for blood flow

aglomerular kidney

specialized renal organs lacking glomeruli (filtration units), relying entirely on tubular secretion for waste excretion, found in roughly 56 teleost species like pipefish, toadfish, and some deep-sea fish

glomerular kidney

the primary filtration system, using a tuft of capillaries (glomerulus) to produce urine by filtering blood

semelparity

spawn once and die

iteroparous

multiple spawnings

what happens to consumed energy

C → E+R+P

E = excreted

R = respiration (specific dynamic action and standard metabolism)

P = production (repairs, growth, reproduction)

examples of semelparous fish

protacanthopterygii (include salmoniformes)

kype

secondary sexual characteristic of male salmonids. hooked lower jaw

promiscuous mating

both sexes with multiple partners

gonochore

sex fixed at birth

types of spawning strategies

broadcast

benthic

• nesting

mouth breeders

viviparous

GSI

gonadosomatic index = % weight of individual dedicated to reproduction

lecithotrophic viviparity

embryos develop inside mother’s body but feed off of yolk sac

aldephophagy

intrauterine cannibalism where they eat the other baby sharks (makos)

oophagy

intrauterine cannibalism where they eat the other eggs (white sharks)

placentotrophy

embryos feed off a placenta

• hammerheads: once yolk sac is consumed it attaches to uterine wall to form a yolk-sac placenta

parthenogenesis

shark gives birth without being exposed to male

amphidiadromy

subset of catadromy or anadromy where the animal also grows in the final habitat

relationship between home range size and fish size for territorial fish

u curve. home range size is largest for small fish. smallest home range in the middle, then slight increase as the fish get larger

relationship between home range size and fish size for nonterritorial fish

s curve. small fish = small home range. large fish = large home range. asymptotic at both ends

relationship between affinity for complex structure and home range size

small home range = high affinity for complex substrate (rocky reef)

large home range = lower affinity for complex substrate (open ocean)

larval stages

preflexion = start of notochord flexion (movement)

flexion

postflexion = completion of flexion, start of metamorphosis

juvenile = all meristics match adults

procurrent spur

beginning of caudal fin. develops during posflexion

density dependent mortality with life stages

pre-recruitment (eggs + larvae) = independent

recruitment = dependent

post-recruitment = independent

atavistic

primitive behavior, ex: primal fear

what produces a fish fright response

• broad head

• wide downturned mouth

• ringed, broadly elliptical eyes

types of symbiosis

commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

phoresis

non-obligatory relationship where a host provides shelter, support, or transport

ex: sharks and pilot fish and remoras

inquilinism

form of symbiosis where one species (the inquiline) lives inside the nest, burrow, or body of another species (the host), obtaining shelter and sometimes food without typically harming the host

types of natural mortality (M)

predation, accident, starvation, opportunisitc pathogens/disease, senescence (only semelparous species)

fishing mortality (F)

subsistence, recreational, commercial fishing

ricker curve

stock (fishable biomass) vs recruitment (fish accessible to fishery)

highly density dependent → low stock = low recruitment, middle stock = high recruitment, high stock = low recruitment

beaverton-holt curve

stock vs recruitment

low stock = low recruitment, med and high stock = high recruitment, but it asymptotes

MSY-schaefer model

effort vs catch → inverted parabola, but problem is no data on right side of curve because it would be harmful

production equation

change in production = change in biomass/time

primary production

photosynthesis

secondary production

somatic and gonadal production

ecotone

transition from rock to sand in a rocky reef

halo

area around rocky reef that fish will go out to forage (~30 m)

crest

top of reef

attraction vs production hypothesis

idea that ARs could just attract fish from natural reefs or they could actually produce new biomass

relationship between habitat heterogeneity and production

direct increase (only capped because there are only so many types of habitats)

relationship between relief and production

curved asymptotic but then a jump with another asymptotic curve when you add almost vertical relief like kelp, breakwaters, and oil platforms

relationship between shelter/complexity and production

increasing until it asymptotes

relationship between % of ground covered by reef and production

increases until it reaches peak production, then decreases because the halos are important resources so it goes down and then levels off

marine life management act (MLMA 1999)

introduced ecosystem based management not fishery based management of marine resources — looked at the ecosystem impacts of fishing

marine life protection act (MLPA 1999)

goal was to get marine protected areas to function as a network

what factors increase success of mpas

• fraction of coastline

• mpa width

• habitat representation

• mpa connectivity

→ alll lead to network persistence (resiliency if one gets wiped out by accident)

why did implementation of MPAs have more positive impact in socal than norcal and central coast?

• higher fishing pressure in socal (more people and better fishing conditions like weather)

• higher temps → fish grow faster

• norcal fish are slower growing also

• commercial fishers fished proposed mpa sites every day until they were implemented

how does climate change affect fish

• higher temp = lower dissolved oxygen

• anoxic water pulled shallower trapping fish and creating die-offs

• marine heat waves

• most heat absorbed in shallower water and then circulates deep

how will fish react to climate change

• adapt in place

• move poleward or deep

• go extinct

marine fish osmoregulation

• basically ingest water and discard salts

• concentrated salty urine

• chloride cells use energy to pump salt out of lamellae

• countercurrent exchange sets up environment for osmosis

• water in through mouth, out through urea

• ions in through mouth, gills, and skin. out through urea

freshwater fish osmoregulation

• water goes in through gills and skin, out through urea

• ions in through gills through active uptake, out through diffusion of skin and gills, and out through urea

optimal foraging theory

move or not?

based off of resources, predation risk, and movement ability

ex: tuna herding the schooling fish into a ball