Digestive System Document/Physiology Questions

Anatomy and Physiology 164

Name the 3 salivary glands

1 Parotid (cheek), 2 Sublingual (below tongue), 3 Submandibular (under mandible)

Functions of the 3 salivary glands?

1- Serous saliva breaks down starch
2- mucous saliva lubricates
3- serous + mucous saliva lubrication and breaks down food

Enzymes produced by the 3 salivary glands and what macromolecule is digested by this enzyme?

Enzyme: Salivary Amylase
Macromolecule: Carbohydrates like starch

Function of esophagus

Peristalsis; moving food from pharynx to stomach

Epithelium lining lumen of esophagus

Stratified squamous epithelium

Types of muscle tissue for

Upper esophageal sphincter 

Lower esophageal sphincter

skeletal muscle (voluntary), smooth muscle (involuntary)

Function of a sphincter like the pyloric sphincter

Controls movement of food/material between organs or in the lumens by opening and closing: ultimately preventing back flow

Purpose of folds like rugae?

Increase surface area helps with digestion and absorption, allows stomach to slightly expand

Accessory organs of digestive system that send enzymes into duodenum?

Pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Major function of small intestine

Main site of nutritional absorption due to increased surface area by microvilli, Also site which completes chemical digestion

Major function of large intestine

Water absorption and electrolytes, forms waste and stores feces to excrete

Function of mesocolon

Pathway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics in the abdomen, anchors the large intestine

Name the rear end sphincters

Internal and external anaI sphincters

What type of muscles are the anaI sphincters?

External is skeletal muscle (voluntary)
Internal is smooth (involuntary)

What are the pancreatic cells that secrete several enzymes

Acinar cells (exocrine cells/acini), Beta cells (islets), Alpha Cella

What digestive enzyme does acinar cell secrete?

Lipase, proteases, pepsin, pancreatic amylase, trypsin

What digestive enzyme does beta cells secrete and its stimulus?

insulin, high blood glucose

What digestive enzyme does alpha cella secrete and its stimulus

Glucagon, low blood glucose

From what organ is blood being transported into the hepatic portal vein?

Digestive organs: stomach, small and large intestine, spleen

To what organ is blood being transported by hepatic portal vein and what happens to that blood?

Liver; filteration detoxification and absorption/usage of nutrients

To where is blood being transported by the hepatic artery and is O2 or -O2 blood?

Liver, O2 blood

Function of Gallbladder

Concentrate bile

What ducts transport a specific substance from the gallbladder?

1. Right hepatic duct (from R lobe of liver)

2. Left hepatic duct (from L lobe of liver)

3. Common hepatic duct (where the R and L hepatic ducts merge)

4. Cystic duct

What is the substance transported by the ducts and function of that substance?

Bile, breaks fat for digestion

What hormone stimulates muscle contractions in the gallbladder after a fatty meal?

Cholecystokinin

Pathway for blood transportation in the liver?

Filtering of blood from the hepatic portal vein to the central vein

To what vessel is blood being transported by the central vein?

Hepatic vein → inferior vena cava