week 5 quiz-chapter 16

aneurysm

Bulge in arterial wall

Varicose veins

abnormal and irregular dilations in superficial veins, particularly in the legs.

-condition usually associated with prolonged, increased pressure in the affected vessels due to gravity, such as when a person stands

age related changes in the cardiovascular system

most apparent in the arteries

Formation of lymph

plasma —> interstitial fluid —> lymphatic vessel (called lymph)

3 purposes of the lymphatic system

(1) Reduce/prevent edema (build up of interstitial fluid)

(2) Filter lymph through lymph nodes. IMMUNITY (immune surveillance)

Cell debris, cancer cells, bacteria, pathogens are destroyed by lymphocytes and macrophages

(3) lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine (called lacteals) pick up dietary fats

Lymphatic vessels

Are most similar to veins but thinner

Right lymphatic duct; thoracic duct

-the minority of the lymph travels to the right lymphatic duct

-the majority of the lymph travels to the thoracic duct then it goes to the subclavian veins

-lymph enters the blood stream at the subclavian veins

MALT - all over your body

(1) Tonsils

(2) Peyer’s Patched (small intestine) *goes after the bad bacteria

(3) Appendix

lymphangitis

Inflammation of the lining of lymphatic vessel due to bacterial infection.

-red streaks under the skin

-lymph vessel infection

lymphadenitis (“gland”)

Enlarged/inflamed/swollen lymph nodes

Supratrochlear lymph nodes

Located on medial side of elbow

(Not unusual to be enlarged in children: cuts, scrapes on hands)

Functions of lymph nodes: IMMUNE SURVEILLANCE

lymphocytes and macrophages in lymph nodes monitoring the lymph for things to destroy

Thymus

Largest in infancy/early childhood (building most of your immune system)

T cells (T is for Thymus)

-Go to the thymus gland to mature (to distinguish between self and non-self)

-Mature with the help of a group of hormones (called thymosines)

Spleen

-Largest lymphatic organ

-Filters blood (lymphocytes and macrophages in both red and white pulp)

-Reservoir for RBC and platelets

Spleen: TWO kinds of pulp: WHITE pulp

-Hormones produced by thymus that encourage T cells to mature

-Contain WBC

Spleen: TWO kinds of pulp: RED pulp

-Filters out old worn-out RBC

Innate- (Nonspecific and external) defenses or immunity “things you are born with” FAST**

Adaptive- (specific defenses or immunity) SLOW**

1st line of defense: Mechanical barriers *nonspecific and external*

-“intact skin”, mucous membranes, cila, hair, tears, saliva, urine, sweat, etc

2nd line of defense: Chemical barriers *nonspecific and internal*

-(inside the body)

-inflammation, NK cells (natural killer), fever, phagocytosis

3rd line of defense: *specific defenses/immunity

-adaptive

Antigen

Anything that elicits an immune response

-made from proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids

INFLAMMATION

(1) redness- increased blood flow and blood volume to the area, vasodilation*
(2) swelling- increased capillary permeability **fluid from the bloodstream

(3) heat- (hot to the touch) Blood arriving from deeper parts

(4) pain- nearby pain receptors have been stimulated

Lymphocyte production begins when?

As a fetus

Fever

-Stimulates the phagocytic cells

Iron = Fe++

-Necessary for the metabolisms of bacteria and fungi