Chapter 11 Research Methods

“I Lost My Phone Number, Can I Borrow Yours?” Do Pick-Up Lines Really Work?

‘Something that can influence an outcome or dependent variable” is known as

a) dependent variable

b) independent variable

c) outcome variable

d) factor variable

b) independent variable

If we wanted to see how TWO variables work together to produce an outcome variable, we would use a(n):

a) ANOVA

b) T-test

c) Factorial design

d) Outcome-design

c) Factorial design

In a factorial design there is….

a) more than one variable

b) more than one independent variable

c) more than one dependent variable

d) all of the above depending on the context

b) more than one independent variable (think of it as more than one factor or level)

How do we tell how much independent variables there are in the design?

a) look at the descriptions (2 × 5 = two numbers, therefore two iv’s)

b) multiply all the numbers (2×5 = 10 therefore 10 iv’s)

c) first number tells you how many iv’s, second number = how many levels (2 × 5, two iv’s, five levels)

d) none of the above

a) look at the descriptions (2 × 5 = two numbers, therefore two iv’s)

Let’s say i have a 2×3 factorial design. What does the “3” represent?

a) number of independent variables

b) levels in the first variables

c) total number of treatment conditions

d) levels in the second independent variables

d) levels in the second independent variables

Let’s say i have a 2×3 factorial design. How many total conditions do i have?

a) 6 (2×3 = 6)

b) 5 (2+3=5)

c) 2 (first number tells you)

d) 3 (second number tells you)

a) 6 (2×3 = 6)

The numbers of independent variables we can have in a study is ___________

a) limited

b) unlimited

c) controlled

d) necessary

b) unlimited (girl u can have 2×3×5×3×6 and on)

However, what’s the downside to having so much numbers of independent variables?

a) so many numbers

b) results are interesting

c) results can get confusing

d) results are fun

c) results can get confusing (girl think of all the calculations for 2×3×5×3×6, and then analyzing those results like heck no)

What are the most common factorial designs you’ll see (there’s 2 options)

a) 1×1

b) 3×6

c) 2×3

d) 2×8

e) 2×2

1. c) 2×3

2. e) 2×22

(just think of it as using 2×2, then go up by 1 and you’re done!)

Factorial designs are true experiments because

a) the results are always true

b) you can be confident with your results

c) the researcher manipulates all of the independent variables

d) the researcher manipulates all of the dependent variables

The researcher manipulates all of the independent variables

The independent variables are

a) subject variables

b) between and within-subject variables

c) within-subject variables

d) between-subject variables

d) between-subject variables, every participant experiences it only ONCE

What if one of the independent variables is a within-subjects variable, now the factorial design becomes a _____________ design

a) mixed

b) intermixed

c) unique

d) fun

a) mixed

When do we use a hybrid design?

a) when we have multiple levels, inside the factors

b) one of the dependent variables is a quasi-dependent variable, or something the researcher cannot truly manipulate (e.g., name)

c) any factorial design that has a quasi-independent variable, or something the researcher cannot truly manipulate (e.g., gender)

d) all of the above

c) any factorial design that has a quasi-independent variable, or something the researcher cannot truly manipulate (e.g., gender)

What are some benefits of factorial designs?

a) they establish cause and effect

b) less time

c) less participants

d) see how variables work together

e) all of the above

a) they establish cause and effect

b) less time

c) less participants

d) see how variables work together

e) all of the above

________________ is when one independent variable can change how the other independent variable influences the dependent variable

a) relation

b) inter-relation

c) interaction

d) reaction

c) interaction

What’s the problem with having an within group design for factorial designs

a) they experience both conditions and may engage in hypothesis guessing

b) they experience both conditions and may prefer one more

c) hey experience both conditions and may hate the experiment

d) not d dont pick d okay?

a) they experience both conditions and may engage in hypothesis guessing

Main effect hypotheses means which of the following?

a) focusing only on the effect of a single independent variable on the dependent variable, (don’t pay attention to all other independent variables.)

b) focusing only on the effects of a single independent variable on the dependent variable, (paying attention to all other independent variables.)

c) focusing only on the effect of a single dependent variable on other dependent variable, (don’t pay attention to the independent variables.)

d) focusing only on the effect of a single dependent variable on the dependent variable, (don’t pay attention to all other dependent variables.)

a) focusing only on the effect of a single independent variable on the dependent variable, (don’t pay attention to all other independent variables.)

“a prediction about how the levels of one independent variable will combine with another independent variable to impact the dependent variable in a way that extends beyond the sum of the two separate main effects” is known as a ________ hypothesis

a) interaction hypothesis

b) interaction effect hypothesis

c) effect hypothesis

d) interaction hypothesis effect

b) interaction effect hypothesis

“when the influence of one independent variable on the other reverses across levels of the other independent variable; also known as a _______ interaction.”

a) dis-interaction

b) disrelation

c) ordinal

d) disordinal

d) disordinal (imagine one study method works well for higher intelligent students, while study method two works well for lower intelligent students. The influence of the iv (study method) reversed on the levels (higher and lower)

An ordinal interaction is when one ___________ variable has an influence on a particular _______ of the other independent variable, but not on all of its levels.

a) independent, outcome

b) dependent, outcome

c) independent, level

d) dependent, level

c) independent, level (e.g the study method has an effect on the HIGH intelligent kids, but study method b has no effect on the others levels, including the high intelligent kids

A description of a possible scenario where participants read and react is called a

a) confederate

b) script

c) mundane realist description

d) vignette

d) vignette

When we have MORE than one independent variable, we use a(n)

a) ANOVA

b) one-way ANOVA

c) two-way ANOVA

d) repeated ANOVA

c) two-way ANOVA (tests two different nominal or categorical variables)

the average of the dependent variable for participants with a specific combination of the levels of the independent variables is known as…

a) cell

b) marginal means

c) marginal cell means

d) cell means

d) cell means

marginal means is:

a) the averages of all participants on each level of the independent variable, ignoring the other independent variable.

b) the averages of all participants on each level of the independent variable, while not ignoring the other independent variable.

c) the averages of all participants on level of the dependent variable, ignoring the other independent variable.

d) the averages of all participants on one level of the independent variable, ignoring the other independent variable.

a) the averages of all participants on each level of the independent variable, ignoring the other independent variable.

Researchers DON’T put the cell means and marginal means in the results section, instead they put it in

a) the disunion

b) a table

c) the pre-registry

d) none of the above

b) a table or visually as a figure

A synergistic effect is an effect where…

a) one variables combine to produce an outcome that is less than what each individual variable contributes

b) two variables combine to produce an outcome that is less than what each individual variable contributes

c) two variables combine to produce an outcome that is greater than what each individual variable contributes

d) one variable combine to produce an outcome that is greater than what each individual variable contributes

c) two variables combine to produce an outcome that is greater than what each individual variable contributes (e.g one variable makes the other more successful, than if that variable was alone)

A suppression effect is the opposite, meaning

a) two variables combine to produce an outcome that is smaller than what each individual variable contributes

b) two variables combine to produce an outcome that is bigger than what each individual variable contributes

c) one variables combine to produce an outcome that is smaller than what each individual variable contributes

d) two variables combine to produce an outcome that is bigger than what each individual variable contributes

a) two variables combine to produce an outcome that is smaller than what each individual variable contributes (e.g it’s less effective when two variables are together, rather if one variable was by its self)