Final Exam KINE2495 - intro to sports injury

Hyperthermia

A condition where the body temperature rises significantly due to external heat.

People at risk for Hyperthermia

Athletes with large muscle mass, overweight athletes, poor fitness, history of heat illness, children, and elderly individuals.

Heat Stress

Heat from external environment going to impact internal temperature.

Types of Heat Disorders

1. Heat syncope

2. Heat cramps

3. Heat Exhaustion

4. Heat stroke

Heat Dissipation

The process by which the body must dissipate heat to maintain homeostasis.

1. Metabolism

2. Convective

3. conductive

4. Radiation

5. Evaporation

Conductive

blood flow, muscle to core/skin, feet

Convective

heat is loss from wind blowing; can occur in surrounding water

Radiant

gained from the sun, or external heat

Evaporation

most effective; transfer water through sweat glands and evaporate; unless it's humid

65% humidity

impact body ability

75% humidity

evaporation almost stops

Fluid loss

humans lose about 1 quart / 4 cups of water every 1-2 hours

Hydration requirement

body requires 2-2.5L of water daily when engaged in minimal activity

Fluid loss rate

Adults will lose 1.5L/hr

Dehydration threshold

1-2% drop in body weight due to dehydration results in thirst

Hydration for athletes

athletes should begin activity well hydrated

Pre-activity hydration

17-20 fluid oz of water or sport drink 2-3 hours prior to activity

Additional hydration

Additional 7-10 fluid oz 10-20 mins before exercise

Urine color indicator

urine should be a light yellow in color

Mild dehydration

2% body weight loss in fluid

Heat exhaustion core temperature

Core/rectal temperature: <105 F

Heat stroke temperature

Extreme heat: > 104F

Heat Syncope

standing in heat for long period of time; lack of cool down after intense exercise in heat

- Heat collapse

Heat cramps

Painful muscle spasm (calf and abdominal) due to excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalance

Heat exhaustion

- prolonged sweating resulted in dehydration

S/S: profuse sweating, pale skin, hyperventilation, persistent muscle cramps, loss of coordination

Heat stroke

- when the body fails to thermoregulate leading to CNS and organ collapse

S/S: unable to sweat, body may be hot, flushed, and dry

- requires medical emergency

Hypothermia core temperature

when the core temperature drops below 34.4C (94F) athlete will become hypothermic

Frostbite

can damage dermis and subcutaneous tissues in the extremities ( fingers, toes, and ears)

Superficial frostbite

does not involve deep tissue, and can be reversible; appears red-white > waxy

Deep frostbite

not reversible; grey-black/bluish, if worsened amputation

Lightning Safety

- Seek indoor ( Car, Ditch Valley)

- AVOID: Large trees/ metal objects

- Can still perform CPR after when person has been struck

Lightning trauma

Damage related to how long tissue is in contact with electricity

Lightning conditions

Cardiac Asystole and Respiratory arrest: most critical factor in morbidity and mortality is duration of apnea, not asystole

Air Pollution

Pollution can adversely affect performance and health.

Effects of Air Pollution

Exposure to chemical in air and contaminants effects CV function, Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Lung Cancer.

Factors making Effects of Air Pollution Worse

High temperature (increase Ozone concentration), Age, High Altitude (lower partial pressures = higher breathing), Time of Day - Traffic, factory, Lung Disease, Exercise intensity/duration, Oronasal Breathing.

Prevention of Air Pollution Effects

Stop/decrease activity during periods of high pollution, Exercise when commuter traffic is less and ambient temperature is lower, Avoid peak sun times relative to ozone levels, Running should be avoided in areas of high traffic due to auto emission and carbon monoxide.

Jet Lag

AKA Circadian Dysrhythmia; Desynchronization of biological and biophysical time clock.

Body adapts to Jet Lag

Immediately (protein metabolism), Over 8 days (body temperature), 3 weeks (adrenal hormones).

Effects of Jet Lag

Physical and Mental effects caused by traveling rapidly across time zones; Disrupts circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle; May cause fatigue, headache, blurred vision, digestive disorder, changes in BP, heart rate, hormone releases, and bowel habits.

Predisposition to Athletes from Jet Lag

Affects performances and predisposes athlete to injury; May become ill, suffer short-term anorexia, insomnia; Younger individuals adjust more quickly than adults.

Jet Lag Adaptation Speed

30-50% faster adaptation flying westward; North-south travel = no impacts; Changes in zones, illumination and environment can be disruptive (> 5 time zone).

Preventing Jet Lag

Depart well rested, Eat according to time changes, avoid dehydration, Training Schedule, Use some caffeine when travelling west, Adapt local time on arrival, Avoid Alcohol before, during, and after trip.

High Altitude Disorders

1 in 3 people will be impacted.

Hypobaric Conditions

Decrease in partial pressure of oxygen (P02) NOT concentration of 02; Major problems with altitude = deficiency at tissue levels.

Physiology of High Altitude

Exact pathogenesis is unclear but linked to decrease in P02; body compensates for altitude and decrease in Vo2 with tachycardia and hyperventilation.

extrinsic Factor of Hypothermia

- Wind

- Rapid Weather changes

- wet clothes

- not absolute temperature

Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)

Occurs to hikers, climbers, skiers; Different levels of progression and severity.

- >8,000 Ft

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

- Life threatening conditions from high altitude affecting buildup from the lungs

- usually >10,000 ft

S/S: Dyspnea at rest, chest pain, pink frothy expectorant, tachycardia, Low grade fever, Cyanosis;

- Immediate treatment = descend at least 3000 ft, apply oxygen if available.

High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

- Swelling of the brain due to low O2

- Usually 12,000ft

Signs & Symptoms: Swelling - increased pressure on brain, Lassitude, Disorientation - ataxia, Papilledema (swollen eyelids), Coma, Death; Immediate treatment = descend at least 3000 ft from where you are and administer oxygen.

Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness

Walk/climb gradually: after 10,000ft wait 24-48 hrs for acclimatization before climbing higher; Early stages: limit net gain to 1000 ft per day; During building stage: 2 camps, climb during day sleep lower camp at night.

Side Effect

The result of a medication that is given for a particular condition but affects other body areas or has effects other than those sought.

What is a Drug

chemical agent used to prevent, treat, or diagnose diseases

Specific Effect

Action usually produced by a drug in a select tissue or organ system.

Pharmacokinetics

Method by which drugs pass through the body

ADME

Administration, Absorption, Distribution, excretion, metabolism

Drug Administration

Drug must reach a receptor in the tissue to be effective

Internal Administration

Methods of drug delivery that involve entering the body

External Administration of drugs

- ointment, transdermal patches, solution

Internal Adminstration of Drugs

Oral , Inhalation, intramuscular

Ointments

Topical preparations applied to the skin

Idiosyncrasy response

Unusual reaction to a drug, a distinctive response

Irritation Response

Process, as well as effect, caused by substances that result in a cellular change; mild irritation may stimulate cell activity, whereas moderate or severe irritation by a drug may decrease cell activity.

Paradoxical Reaction

A drug-induced effect that is the exact opposite of that which is therapeutically intended.

Absorption of Drugs

Drugs must dissolve before absorption

Bioavailability

Refer to how completely a drug is absorbed by the system

Distribution

Once absorbed, the drug is transported through blood to the target tissue

Metabolism

Takes place in the liver but also in blood and kidneys

Excretion

Controlled by kidneys, drugs are filtered and excreted in urine

Drug Half-Life

The amount of time required for the plasma drug level to be reduced by one-half

Effects of Physical Activity on Pharmacokinetics

Exercise decreases a drug's absorption after oral administration

Hypersensitivity response

Allergic response to a specific drug; such allergies may be demonstrated by a mild skin irritation, itching, a rash, or a severe anaphylactic reaction, which could be fatal.

Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTC)

Should be administered under supervision of a physician

Antiseptic

Can be placed on living tissue for killing bacteria

Disinfectant

Compacts microorganism but applied to non-living objects

Alcohol

Widely used skin disinfectant/antiseptic, inexpensive and non-irritating

Antibiotics

Interferes with metabolism of bacteria, useful in skin and systemic infections

Analgesics

Control pain by decreasing excitatory effect on an individual's impulse

Counterirritants & local Anesthesia

Causing systemic and topical analgesia, increases circulation and skin temperature, redness

Narcotic Analgesic

Derived from opium or synthetic opiates, depresses pain impulses

E.g, Morphine & codeine

Acetylsalicylic Acid (aspirin)

Widely used and abused drug, can cause GI bleeding

Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)

Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, effective for arthritis

Corticosteroids (cortisone/prednisone)

Used for chronic inflammation at the musculoskeletal and joint problem , prolonged use can create complications

Habituation

Individual's development of a psychological need for a specific medication.

Ergogenic Aids

performance- enhancing substance to improve any form of activity performance E.g, Stimulants, Caffeine, and Anabolic Steroids

WADA (World Anti-Doping Association)

Leads a collaborative worldwide movement for doping-free sport

performance enhancement

Therapeutic use for the treatment of medical conditions

Depressive Action

Effects from drugs that slow down cell function

Cumulative Effect

Exaggerated drug effects, which occur when the body is unable to metabolize a drug as rapidly as it is administered; the accumulated, unmetabolized drug may cause unfavorable reactions.

Cycling

A sport involving riding bicycles competitively.

Weightlifting

A sport involving lifting heavy weights.

Boxing

A combat sport where two opponents fight using their fists.

Antagonistic Action

Result observed when medications, used together, have adverse effects or counteract one another.

Drugs that Inhibit pain

1. analgesics

2. counterirritants & local anesthetic

3. Narcotic Analgesic

Fungal Infection and the types

Group of organisms containing yeast/ mold

- Tinea Coporis

- Tinea pedis

Cardiovascular Condition of the Athlete

Health issues related to the heart and blood vessels in athletes.

Cardiovascular Death < 35yrs

Tends to be related to abnormalities of the heart.

cardiovascular Death > 35yrs

Tends to be related to coronary heart disease.

Sudden Death

An event that is non-traumatic, unexpected, and occurs instantaneously or within minutes of an abrupt change in an individual's previous clinical state.

Causes of Sudden Death

Includes Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) and coronary artery abnormalities.