OSU Biology 1101 Final Exam

stamen

male part of the flower

pistil

female part of the flower

altruism

behavior that benefits others, at a cost to oneself

kin selection

Helping out a close relative can compensate for the individual's own decrease in fitness

reciprocal altruism

Help out a neighbor with the expectation that you receive help from them in the future

mimicry

Gain protection by mimicking the appearance of another species

acoustic, visual, chemical

types of animal communcation

dimorphism

the variation in physical appearance between males and females, often indicates the mating system

inclusive fitness

The sum of an individual's indirect and direct fitness

indirect fitness

The reproductive output brought about by altruistic behaviors toward close kin

direct fitness

An individual's total reproductive output

behavior

actions performed by an organism in response to its environment or to the actions of another organism

innate behavior

Don't require any environmental input to develop. Little variation among individuals

1) reproduce

2) live long enough to do so

the two goals of animals

paternal uncertainty

Females are always certain that her

offspring are hers, while males may not be so sure. Males defend females from potential competitors while she is fertile

The Endangered Species Act

a law that defines endangered species as those in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of their range. Once listed as endangered, laws protect the resources/habitat critical to the species' survival

flagship species

Charismatic and vulnerable

keystone species

Have a disproportionately large effect on the biodiversity in the ecosystem

indicator species

presence indicates the presence of other species. indicate the quality of ecosystem

umbrella species

Have such a large range that protecting them protects others as well

restoration ecology

Efforts focused on restoring/rehabilitating degraded habitat

ecology

the study of how organisms interact with their environment

population ecology

the study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on density and distribution and population size

population growth

= Births + Immigrants entering population - Deaths -Emigrants leaving population

exponential

j-shaped curve

logistical

s-shaped (sigmoidal) curve

environmental disease

diseases that we can get from or are linked to our environment

biotic factors

living organisms in an environment

abiotic factors

physical (non-living) environment

biomes

very large ecosystems

photosynthesis

sunlight + water + CO2 ---> O2 + sugar

producers

convert light energy into chemical energy

primary consumers

eat producers (herbivores)

secondary consumers

eat primary consumers (carnivores)

tertiary consumers

"top carnivores"

food web

better represents how organisms fit in with each other

decomposers

eat waste/ dead organisms

10% rule

Only 10% of the biomass from one trophic level is converted into biomass at the next trophic level

fundamental niche

the entire niche that organism can theoretically occupy

realized niche

the actual nice that the organism is able to occupy because of competition

resource partitioning

what can lead to character displacement?

mechanical defenses

physical structures that can help an organism from predators. ex: porcupine quills

chemical defenses

toxins that can make an organism poisonous or unpalatable to a predator. ex: poison dart frog

warning coloration

organisms that produce toxic chemicals frequently have bright color patterns, warning potential predators to stay away. ex: monarch butterflies

camouflage

cryptic coloration can enable an organism to blend in to its surroundings and avoid predation. ex: praying mantis

predator adaptations

As prey develop better defenses, predators develop enhanced capturing techniques. ex: lures, better agility

parasitism

Often induce changes in the host that benefit the parasite

mutualism

both species benefit from an interaction

ex: bumblebees pollinating flowers

commensalism

one species benefits from an interaction and the other neither benefits nor is harmed

ex: egret bird feeds on insects stirred up by buffalo

survivorship curve

help us understand survival and reproductive patterns of a species

exotic/ introduced species

species introduced by human activities (intentionally or accidentally) to areas other than the species' native range

invasive species

an introduced species that causes

harm, often by disrupting the niche of native species

ex: zebra mussels

smog

thermal inversion

biodiversity

the variety and variability of genes, species, and ecosystems

extrinsic value

the belief that organisms are useful or helpful to

humans

intrinsic value

the inherent appreciation of nature

biodiversity hotspots

areas with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that are under threat of destruction

mass extinction

can destroy many or all of the species in an area, may reflect bad luck more than the particulars of a species biology, including its biochemistry, physiology and behavior

background extinction

tend to be a consequence of one or more features of the species' biology.

true

true or false: Human interference generally reduces biodiversity.

sponges

organism that has no true tissues/ organs

radial symmetry

multiple planes divide the organism into mirror images

bilateral symmetry

only one plane divides the organism into mirror images

protostome

the gut develops from front to back

"mouth first"

deuterostome

the gut develops from back to front

"mouth second"

molting

shedding an exoskeleton (hard outer layer) and replacing it with a larger one at regular intervals

lampreys

organism that has a skeleton made of cartilage

(most are parasites)

transition from water to land

created 3 obstacles:

1) respiration, solution: lungs

2) gravity, solution: limbs & modified vertebrae

3) egg desiccation, solution: amniotic egg

birds

reptiles in which feathers evolved

mammals

organism that adapted fur (insulation) and mammary glands

anther, filament

parts of the stamen (male part of flower)

stigma, style, ovary

parts of the pistil (female part of flower)

reversible disturbance

disturbance does not include the complete extinction of species

irreversible disturbance

complete loss of species to extinction

climate change

causes:

-ice caps to melt

-sea level to rise

-coastal deterioration

cellular respiration

Process by which cells obtain energy from organic molecules

fermentation

breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation

coevolution

in order to complete their life cycle, some parasites induce behaviors that do not benefit their hosts. This is an example of:

phloem

can be found in a fern, a pine tree, apple tree

an archadeon

a small single-celled organism that appears to have a cell wall. It is a prokaryote and can live in water 10x saltier than sea water

bribery

yucca flowers that provide a place for moths to lay their eggs is an example of what?

round worm

type of worm that lives in soil, has a body cavity and molts to increase body size

monotremes

based on their mode of transportation, which mammals resemble their reptilian ancestors the most?

- non-amniotic eggs

- undergo metamorphosis & juvenile stages in water

aspects of amphibian biology that ties them closely to water

females produce fewer gametes

females' reproductive success generally does not increase by seeking additional mating opportunities. why?

intrasexual selection

within sexes, typically male vs. male

ex: stock eyed flies competition

intersexual selection

between sexes, male vs. female

ex: birds' song/dance

Reproduction & Survival

A male peacock has a beautiful tail that may affect its ability to evade predators. This is an example of which evolutionary trade-off?

Humans are best represented by which type of survivorship curve?

Type I

False

True or false: After all the research that has been done, we can be certain that breast cancer is caused by xenoestrogens found in the environment

asthma, heart disease, cancer

considered examples of environmental disease

0 degrees

At what latitude do the largest number of species occur?

genetic drift

small populations are at greater risk of extinction than larger populations. One reason for this is because they are particularly susceptible to which mechanism of evolution?

- less CO2 removed from the atmosphere

- more CO2 released into the atmosphere as forests are cleared& burned

-changes solar absorption/reflection in an area

Examples of how deforestation increases the rate of global warming

exponential (j-shaped)

the graph of the change in earth's temperature can be best described as what?

-no natural pathogens

-no natural predators

examples of how invasive species can out-compete native species:

false

true or false: ozone depletion increases global warming

12,000 pounds (10% rule)

How much plant biomass does it take to produce a 1,200 pound cow?

fighting back

hagfish eject slime into a predator's mouth, causing the predator to gag & release the hagfish. This is an example of which type of defense?