grade 10 science exam

What is an Atom?

Smallest unit of an element (ex. one oxygen atom).

What is an Element?

Pure substance made of one type of atom (ex. oxygen, gold).

What is a Molecule?

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together (ex. O₂, H₂O).

What is a Compound?

Substance made of two or more different elements chemically bonded (ex. H₂O, CO₂).

What is Atomic Number?

Number of protons in an atom.

What is Atomic Mass?

Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

What are Periods in the Periodic Table?

Horizontal rows.

What are Groups/Families in the Periodic Table?

Vertical columns.

What is the relationship between Protons and Electrons in a neutral atom?

Protons equal Electrons.

How do you calculate Neutrons?

Neutrons = Atomic Mass - Atomic Number.

What are Protons?

Positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom.

What are Neutrons?

Neutral particles located in the nucleus of an atom.

What are Electrons?

Negatively charged particles that move around the nucleus.

What are Orbitals/Shells?

Energy levels where electrons are found.

What are Valence Electrons?

Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

What is an Ion?

Charged atom formed by gaining or losing electrons.

What are Alkali Metals?

Very reactive metals in Group 1 with 1 valence electron.

What are Alkaline Earth Metals?

Reactive metals in Group 2 with 2 valence electrons.

What are Halogens?

Very reactive non-metals in Group 17 with 7 valence electrons.

What are Noble Gases?

Stable and unreactive gases in Group 18 with a full outer shell.

What is an Anion?

Negatively charged ion formed by gaining electrons.

What is a Cation?

Positively charged ion formed by losing electrons.

What is an Ionic Bond?

Bond formed between a metal and a non-metal by transferring electrons.

What is a Covalent Bond?

Bond formed between two non-metals by sharing electrons.

List the 7 Diatomic Elements.

H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂ (Mnemonic: Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer).

What does the pH scale measure?

The acidity or basicity of a solution.

What is the pH of acids?

Below 7.

What is the pH of bases?

Above 7.

What are Acids?

Substances that have a pH below 7 and release H⁺ ions.

What are Bases?

Substances that have a pH above 7 and release OH⁻ ions.

What happens in a Neutralization Reaction?

Acids and bases combine to produce salt and water.

What are Coefficients in Chemistry?

Numbers that indicate how many molecules are present (ex. in 3H₂O, 3 is the coefficient).

What are Subscripts in Chemistry?

Numbers that indicate how many atoms of an element are in a molecule (ex. in H₂O, 2 is the subscript).

What is Balancing Equations in Chemistry?

Ensuring the same number of atoms on both sides of a reaction.

What is a Synthesis Reaction?

A + B → AB.

What is a Decomposition Reaction?

AB → A + B.

What is a Single Displacement Reaction?

A + BC → AC + B.

What is a Double Displacement Reaction?

AB + CD → AD + CB.

What is Corrosion?

Destruction of metals by chemical reactions (ex. rusting of iron).

What is Complete Combustion?

Combustion with enough oxygen, producing CO₂ and H₂O and a blue flame.

What is Incomplete Combustion?

Combustion with insufficient oxygen, producing CO and/or soot and a yellow flame.

What is the Nucleus in a Cell?

Controls cell activities.

What is the Cytoplasm in a Cell?

Jelly-like material where reactions occur.

What is the Function of Mitochondria?

Produces energy for the cell.

What is a Ribosome?

Organelle that makes proteins.

What is a Cell Wall?

Provides support and protection (found in plants).

What is Epithelial Tissue?

Covers and protects body surfaces; absorbs and secretes substances.

What is Connective Tissue?

Supports, connects, and protects different body parts.

What is Muscle Tissue?

Contracts to create movement.

What is Nervous Tissue?

Sends and receives messages throughout the body.

What are the Levels of Organization in biology?

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism.

What happens during Interphase?

Cell grows, accumulates nutrients, and DNA duplicates.

What is Mitosis?

Process of cell division that includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

What is the Digestive System Pathway?

Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus.

What is Physical Digestion?

Breaks food into smaller pieces (ex. chewing).

What is Chemical Digestion?

Enzymes break food molecules apart.

What are the functions of the Digestive System?

Mouth (chewing), stomach (digestion), small intestine (nutrient absorption), etc.

What is Oxygenated Blood?

Blood with high oxygen content, usually bright red.

What is Deoxygenated Blood?

Blood with low oxygen content, often dark red.

What happens when people stand too long?

Blood drains to legs, reducing flow to the brain and causing fainting.

What are the functions of Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart; capillaries exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes.

What happens to breathing during exercise?

Breathing becomes faster and deeper to meet increased oxygen demand.

What causes one lung to be smaller?

The left lung is smaller to accommodate the heart.

What are Transparent, Translucent, and Opaque materials?

Transparent - light passes through clearly; Translucent - some light passes through; Opaque - no light passes through.

What are the types of light production?

Incandescence, Electric Discharge, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Chemiluminescence, Bioluminescence, Triboluminescence, LED.

What is Total Internal Reflection?

Light reflects completely inside a material instead of leaving.

What is the Index of Refraction formula?

n = c/v, where n is the index of refraction, c is the speed of light in vacuum, and v is the speed of light in the medium.

What does GRASS stand for in scientific problem solving?

G - Given, R - Required, A - Analysis, S - Solution, S - Statement.

What are the parts of the eye?

Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina, Optic Nerve, Vitreous humor.

What is Ray Diagram Terms?

Terms include Incident Ray, Reflected Ray, Refracted Ray, Normal Line, Focal Point, and more.

What are Concave and Convex Mirrors?

Concave mirrors curve inward; convex mirrors curve outward.

What is the definition of Greenhouse Gases?

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere, such as CO₂, CH₄, H₂O, N₂O.

What does a Meteorologist do?

A scientist who studies weather using data collected from satellites, radar, balloons, and weather stations.

What are human activities that cause climate change?

Burning fossil fuels, transportation, deforestation, factories, agriculture.

What is the difference between Weather and Climate?

Weather is short-term atmospheric conditions; climate is long-term average weather patterns.

What are evidence of climate change?

Rising temperatures, melting glaciers, rising sea levels, extreme weather.