Surgical and Medical Flashcards

A comprehensive collection of flashcards covering a variety of surgical and medical topics as a study aid.

Henry's procedure

Treatment of choice for femoral hernia repair; involves midline extraperitoneal technique.

Howship-Romberg sign

Indicates compression of the obturator nerve.

Ischemia/necrosis

Most common early complication of ileostomy.

Parastomal hernia

Most common complication of end colostomy.

Caudate lobe venous drainage

Goes directly to the inferior vena cava.

E.coli and Klebsiella

Most common organisms causing pyogenic liver abscess worldwide and in Asia, respectively.

Intrabiliary rupture

Most common complication of hepatic hydatid cyst.

Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) and HIPEC

Treatment of choice for pseudomyxoma peritonei.

Transperitoneal ureterolysis

Treatment for secondary retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF).

Goodsall's rule

Exception occurs when external opening is more than 3 cm from anal verge.

NIGRO regimen

Treatment of choice for anal canal carcinoma; consists of 5-FU + Mitomycin-C chemoradiation.

Notara’s lateral internal sphincterotomy

Treatment of choice for chronic anal fissure.

Ferguson closed hemorrhoidectomy

Most commonly performed technique for hemorrhoidectomy.

FAST

First investigation in blunt abdominal trauma patients.

Trauma triad

Components include hypothermia, acidosis, and coagulopathy.

Pringle maneuver

Controls bleeding from the portal vein and hepatic artery.

Seat belt sign

Unexplained fluid suggests mesenteric injury.

Leriche syndrome triad

Includes claudication, absent pulses, and erectile dysfunction.

Fontaine Stage IV

Indicates critical limb ischemia.

Thoracic outlet syndrome treatment

Complete surgical treatment involves removal of the first rib.

Arteria Radicularis Magna

Causes paraparesis after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair when injured.

Traumatic aortic rupture

Most common site is adjacent to the ligamentum arteriosum.

Type 1a choledochal cyst

Most common type of choledochal cyst.

Charcot's triad

Components include pain, fever, and jaundice.

Pruritus

First symptom of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis.

Hilum (Klatskin tumor)

Most common site of cholangiocarcinoma.

Quincke's triad

Components include GI bleed, colic, and jaundice.

Breast-Conserving Surgery (BCS) and SLNB

Standard surgical treatment for early-stage breast cancer.

Inflammatory breast cancer

An absolute contraindication to breast conservation surgery.

Upper outer quadrant

Most common site of breast cancer.

Axillary lymph node status

Single most important prognostic factor in breast cancer.

T4d, Stage IIIb

Stage classification for inflammatory breast cancer characterized by diffuse erythema and edema of more than 33% of breast skin.

Sepsis

Most common cause of death in burn patients.

Ringer lactate

First-line fluid for adult burn resuscitation; part of the Parkland formula.

Parkland formula

4 × kg × %BSA, with first 50% given in the first 8 hours from burn time.

Burn center referral criteria

Includes partial thickness burns greater than 10% BSA and burns on the face, hands, genitalia, and electrical/lightning injuries.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Diagnosis indicated by hypertensive male with thunderclap headache and neck rigidity.

ACoA-ACA junction

Most common location for berry aneurysm; preferred treatment is endovascular coil occlusion.

Third nerve

First cranial nerve compressed by uncal herniation; early sign is ipsilateral pupil dilation.

Cystic cavity

Target for shunting in hydrocephalus associated with Dandy-Walker malformation.

Tumor dissemination

Most important prognostic factor in medulloblastoma.

Dural tail sign

Indicates meningioma on MRI.

Trans-sphenoidal excision

Surgical approach for pituitary adenoma.

Midline calcified cystic lesion in a child

Suggestive of craniopharyngioma on CT.

Cricopharynx

Narrowest part of the esophagus, commonly involved in foreign body impaction.

Diverticulectomy

Treatment for large Zenker's diverticulum greater than 5 cm.

24-hour pH monitoring

Mandatory preoperative investigation for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

CDH bag-mask ventilation

Contraindicated because stomach distension worsens lung collapse.

Laparoscopic Heller cardiomyotomy

Treatment of choice for achalasia cardia, may include fundoplication.

Bird beak / rat tail appearance

Barium swallow finding in achalasia.

Apple core appearance

Classic barium sign of esophageal carcinoma.

Golden period treatment

Less than 24 hours for primary repair; greater than 24 hours for esophagostomy plus ICD.

Cleft lip-palate

Most common congenital orofacial abnormality combination.

Phenytoin

Maternal drug that causes cleft lip.

Condylar neck

Most common site of mandibular fracture.

Zygomatic tripod fracture components

Includes zygomatico-frontal, temporal, and infraorbital structures.

Speech production

Primary functional goal of cleft palate repair.

Porcelain gallbladder

Carries approximately 6% malignancy risk; prophylactic cholecystectomy recommended.

Gallstone ileus

Rigler's triad includes small bowel obstruction, ectopic stone, and pneumobilia.

Early presentation of gallbladder carcinoma

Long history of biliary colic.

Late presentation of gallbladder carcinoma

Includes mass, jaundice, and ascites.

Absolute contraindications for laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Include general anesthesia intolerance, coagulopathy, and suspected carcinoma.

E. coli

Most common organism in surgical cholangitis.

Pyelonephritis

Caused by E. coli ascending infection from the bladder.

ASEPSIS wound score

Evaluates wound bacterial culture.

Cellulitis

Commonly affects the legs.

Middle meningeal artery

Most commonly injured vessel in epidural hematoma.

β-2-transferrin assay

Gold standard test for confirming CSF rhinorrhea.

Cushing triad

Indicates cerebral herniation, consists of hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations.

Chronic cough

Most significant risk factor for increased intra-abdominal pressure.

Patent processus vaginalis

Leads to indirect inguinal hernia.

Lichtenstein repair

Gold standard repair for inguinal hernia.

Triangle of doom

Contains iliac vessels behind the peritoneum.

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

Most commonly injured nerve in the triangle of pain.

Uric acid stones

Most radiolucent stone type in hyperuricemia patients.

Diclofenac

Drug of choice for acute ureteric colic pain management.

Bleeding

Most common complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).

J stent drainage

Required for bilateral ureteric stones with anuria.

Bleeding with anemia

Most common symptom in right colonic malignancy.

Resection plus FOLFOX

Standard treatment for Stage 3 colorectal cancer.

Angiodysplasia

Most common vascular lesion in the colon.

Filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti)

Most common cause of lymphedema globally.

Lymphoscintigraphy

Best first-line imaging for lymphedema of unknown cause.

Complex decongestive therapy + benzopyrones

First-line treatment in approximately 95% of lymphedema cases.

Platysma breach

Indicates potential injury to vascular and aerodigestive structures.

Tension pneumothorax triad

Includes hypotension, distended neck veins, and absent breath sounds.

Beck’s triad

Components include muffled heart sounds, hypotension, and distended veins.

Gallstones

Most common cause of acute pancreatitis.

MODS

Most common cause of death within 2 weeks of hospitalization.

Puestow procedure

Involves anastomosis with jejunum.

Urine output

Best clinical indicator of tissue perfusion in shock.

30 mL/kg crystalloids

Recommended initial fluid resuscitation in septic shock.

Warm peripheries

Characteristic peripheral finding in septic shock.

Bell clapper deformity

Most common predisposing factor for testicular torsion in adolescents.

Bag of worms

Characteristic palpation finding in varicocele.

High inguinal orchidectomy

Gold standard surgical approach for testicular tumor.

Total thyroidectomy

Treatment of choice for Graves disease.

Pregnancy

Absolute contraindication for radioactive iodine treatment requiring surgery.

HLA-DR

Most important HLA antigen for transplant matching.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

Most common infection in transplant recipients, peaking in the first 6 months.