MCAT NEW + MISSED CONCEPTS

pupil constriction

parasym

dec heartbeat

parasym

blood vessels constriction

parasym

liver stimulates bile release

parasym

inc digestion

parasym

relaxed uterus

parasym

inc urinary output

parasym

pupils dilated

sym

heartbeat inc

sym

airways dilates

sym

airways constricted

parasym

sweat glands stim

sym

glucose production by liver

sym

dec digestion

sym

adrenaline prod

sym

vaginal contraction

sym

bladder relaxed

sym

parasympathetic

rest and digest

sympathetic

fight or flight

CNS

brain, spine

PNS

motor and sensory neurons

somatic

voluntary control

autonomic

involuntary control

detrusor muscle

invol control

internal urethral sphincter

invol control

external urethral orifice

vol control

agonist

causes activation of a ligand-binding receptor

antagonist

causes inhibition of receptor activity

binding of norepinephrine to beta and alpha adrenergic re

dec urination

inhibited detrusor muscle contraction

high sympathetic tone, constricted blood vessels, and halted digestion

somatic

voluntary, skeletal muscle

autonomic

involuntary, smooth muscle

control over external urethral sphincter

somatic innervation

for each target organ of autonomic system

secrete acetylcholine, pregang → postgang → target organ’

sym postgang

secrete norepinephrine

parasym postgang

secrete acetylcholine

why is atp synthesis nonspont

adp is more disordered than ATP

blank soln

contains no reactants and is used to calibrate

fluorophore

highest conj

imf vs polarizability

higher pol = more imf

most sol → least sol in water

NH3 > CO2 > O2 > N2

alkali + water

hydroxides + H gas

alkali earth metals + water

less reactive but form hydroxides

parts of grignard reagent

RMgX

EP acyl sub

replace h atom on aromatic ring

NP acyl sub

replace leaving group on carbonyl

buffer range

pKa ± 1

forms 2 h bonds

a and t

forms 3 h bonds

g and c

helicase

unwinds DNA to form rep fork

topoisomerase

relieves dna supercoiling

primase

synth rna primer bc dna polymerase can only attach to 3’ end of existing strand

dna polymerase

performs 5’-3’ synth

dna ligase

joins dna frag after rna priming, cat PDE bond form

attacks 5’ phosphate of dNTP

3’ OH of last nucleotide

why ends of linear chromosomes cant be fully rep during dna synth

3’ emd of dna template too short for polymerase, halting synth

dna pol adds nucs to ______ in 5’-3’ moving towards RF

leading strand

dna pol synth ______ discont moving away from RF

lagging strand

homologous recomb

homo chrom provide template for repair

nonhomolog joining

broken ends rejoined by enzymes w/o template, leading to mutations

BER

damaged base is detected and glycolase excises, does not distort double helix, oxidation, deamination, alkylation

MMR

can only be activated with base pair mismatch

NER

extensive/bulky DNA damage
ex: thymine dimers

endonuclease

cleave PDE w/in existing strand, in MMR

DNA polymerase proofreads using

3’ to 5’ exonuclease activity

determine capacitance

physical properties: size, dist btw plates, presence of diaelectric

number of charges Q on capacitor det by

C (capacitance) and V (voltage)

net charge of capacitor

zero, bc each plate stores eq amt of opposing charges

HH eqn

pH = pKa + log([conj base] / [weak acid])

best way to inc GC sep

inc column length

energy consumption eqn

E = Wh, where W is power and h is time

cardiac output

heart rate * systolic vascular resistance

secretin

released by small int, stim rel of bicarbonate-rich panc juice, neutralizing acidic chyme entering stomach

glucagon

rel by panc, reg blood sugar, inhibits gastric acid sec

CCK

reg gb contraction

dna methylation

dec trx activity

histone acetylation

inc trx activity

enhancer

dna reg seq that med gene regulation, trx activated/rep by trx factor binding to enhancer

inc osmotic p

inc water abs

cl- sec from int epi cells

inc osmotic p, inc water abs

dec sec of cl-

combat loose stools

violations of folkways

result in informal sanctions

master status

dom in soc situations

diff association

deviance learned through int

conflict theory

laws created to serve power and maintain priv

rational choice theory

ppl act to max gain and min loss

labeling theory

deviance is not in act but soc response

ubiquinol

fac tranfer of electrons from comp II to III

red pot as you go down ETC

inc

blotting techniques

sep of mol w GEP and detection of mol using probe

southern blot

detects DNA

northern blot

det RNA

western blot

det prot

SDS

unfolds protein and brings AAs together in tert struc

epitopes

spec portions of proteins that antibodies bind

connective tissue

bone, blood, fat, tendons, cartilage

confirmation bias

indiv tend to embrace evidence supporting beliefs

self-serving bias

success = internal factors, failure = external factors

actor-observer bias

indiv more likely to blame bad behav on external circum