Protozoa with indirect lifecycles

Besnoitia besnoiti (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: cats

IH: cattle, deer, rodents

pathogenesis: cysts, infertility, high morbidity and mortality

diagnosis: ELISA, PCR, histology

epidemiology: problematic in young cattle

Hepatozoon canis (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis)

DH: dogs, wild animals, cats

IH: R. sanguineus ticks

pathogenesis: fever, organ-specific disease

diagnosis: blood smears

Toxoplasma gondii (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: cats

IH: warm-blooded animals

pathogenesis: obligate intracellular, abortion in sheep, diarrhoea in cats, toxoplasmosis in humans

diagnosis: ELISA, PCR, histopathology, fecal float

epidemiology: vaccine, stop cats hunting

Neospora caninum (hosts, pathogenesis, diagnosis, epidemiology)

DH: dogs

IH: cattle, warm-blooded animals

pathogenesis: abortion in cows, neuromuscular in dogs

diagnosis: ELISA, PCR

epidemiology: keep dogs away from aborted materials

Sarcocystis spp.

DH: carnivores - dogs, cats, humans

IH: herbivores - ruminants, pigs, horses

pathogenesis: fever and weight loss in cattle, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

diagnosis: PCR, histo, sero

epidemiology: hygiene, prevent access to offal