Exam 3 (Chapter 21, 22, 24, 25)

What are the 2 structures of the upper respiratory system?

1. nose

2. pharynx

(also the associated structures)

What are the 4 structures of the lower respiratory system?

1. larynx

2. trachea

3. bronchi

4. lungs

Which portion of the lower respiratory system warms, moistens, and filters air?

conducting portion

Which portion of the lower respiratory system contains air sacs for gas exchange?

respiratory portion

What are lungs made of?

air sacs/alveoli

What are the 4 structures of the respiratory pump?

1. rib cage

2. pleural membranes

3. respiratory muscles

4. elastic tissues of the lung

What is the respiratory pump?

structures involved in moving air in and out of the lungs

What is pulmonary ventilation?

breathing; movement of air in and out of lungs; inspiration and exhalation

What kind of respiration, internal or external, happens between gas exchange in the lungs and blood?

external respiration

What kind of respiration, internal or external, happens between gas exchange in the blood and cells?

internal respiration

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

combined with hemoglobin

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

dissolved in plasma

What is cellular respiration?

cells using oxygen to produce ATP

What structure of the nose is the superior attachment between the eyes?

root

What is the name of the tip of the nose?

apex

What structure of the nose is the rounded anterior border?

dorsum nasi

What structure of the nose is the superior part of the dorsum nasi?

bridge

What structure of the nose is also called the external nares?

nostrils

What separates the two cavities of the nose?

nasal septum

What is the anterior portion of the nose just inside the nares?

vestibule

What does the vestibule contain?

vibrissae (hairs)

What 3 things is the nasal septum made of?

1. articular cartilage

2. perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

3. vomer bone

What are the two openings that connect the nasal fossae to the nasopharynx?

internal nares (chonae)

What are the 3 scroll-like elevations on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity that is meant to increase surface area?

chonchae (turbinates)

What is the series of groovelike passages formed by the conchae?

meatuses

What is the olfactory epithelium?

where olfactory receptors lie inside a membrane lining the superior nasal conchae and adjacent septum

What are 4 skull bones that contain sinuses?

1. maxillary

2. frontal

3. ethmoid

4. sphenoid

What serve as resonant chambers for voice production?

paranasal sinuses

What is the pharynx?

funnel shaped passageway connecting the oral and nasal passageways to the trachea and esophagus; throat

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

1. nasopharynx

2. oropharynx

3. laryngopharynx

Which region of the pharynx is continuous with the nasal cavity?

nasopharynx

Which region of the pharynx is posterior to and continuous with the nasal cavity?

nasopharynx

Which region of the pharynx is superior to the soft palate?

nasopharynx

Which region of the pharynx contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells?

nasopharynx

Which region of the pharynx contains openings of the eustachian/auditory tube?

nasopharynx

Which region of the pharynx is the middle portion of the pharynx?

oropharynx

Which region of the pharynx lies posterior to the oral cavity?

oropharynx

Which region of the pharynx extends from the soft palate inferiorly to the level of the hyoid bone?

oropharynx

Which region of the pharynx contains two pairs of tonsils, the palatine and lingual tonsils?

oropharynx

Which region of the pharynx is lined with moist stratified squamous epithelium?

oropharynx

What is the name of the opening from the mouth into the oropharynx?

fauces

Which region of the pharynx is the lowest portion of the pharynx?

laryngopharynx

Which region of the pharynx extends downward from the hyoid bone?

laryngopharynx

Which region of the pharynx becomes continuous with the esophagus and larynx?

laryngopharynx

Which region of the pharynx, other than the oropharynx, is also line with moist stratified squamous epithelium?

laryngopharynx

What is the larynx?

the short passageway that connects the pharynx to the trachea; the voicebox

What house the vocal cords?

larynx

The larynx has a wall composed of __ pieces of cartilage.

9

What part of the larynx is the most involved in sound production?

glottis

What does the glottis consist of?

a pair of folds; the vocal folds (vocal cords) and the rima glottidis (opening between vocal cords)

Which unpaired cartilage of the larynx is the large, leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that forms a lid over the larynx when swallowing?

epiglottis

Which unpaired cartilage of the larynx is the largest and forms the laryngeal prominence aka the Adam's apple?

thyroid

The thyroid is located on the (anterior/posterior) wall of the larynx made of up 2 fused plates of (elastic/fibrous/hyaline) cartilage.

anterior, hyaline

Which unpaired cartilage of the larynx is the most inferior one and shaped like a signet ring with the band part facing anteriorly?

cricoid

Which paired cartilage of the larynx is attached to the vocal folds and intrinsic pharyngeal muscles?

arytenoids

Which paired cartilage of the larynx influences positions and tensions of the vocal folds?

arytenoids

Which paired cartilage of the larynx are the horn shaped pieces of elastic cartilage that attach to the arytenoids?

corniculate

Which paired cartilage of the larynx is the wedge-shaped elastic cartilage that is anterior to the corniculate cartilage?

cuneiform

What are the 2 kinds of vocal folds?

1. true vocal cords (vocal folds)

2. vestibular folds (false vocal folds)

Which kind of vocal fold is concerned with vocal production?

true vocal cords (vocal folds)

Which kind of vocal fold consists of a connective tissue band covered by a mucous membrane and extends from the thyroid cartilage to an arytenoid cartilage?

true vocal cords (vocal folds)

Which kind of vocal fold is located above the true vocal cords?

vestibular folds (false vocal folds)

Which kind of vocal fold consists of two thick folds of mucus membrane?

vestibular folds (false vocal folds)

Which kind of vocal fold prevents food and liquid from entering the larynx during swallowing?

vestibular folds (false vocal folds)

The greater the pressure of air, the (quieter/louder) the sound.

louder

Vocal cord vibrating more rapidly results in a (lower/higher) pitch.

higher

How are vowel sounds produced?

the constriction and relaxation of the muscles in the wall of the pharynx

What 3 muscles are involved in enunciation?

1. facial muscles

2. tongue

3. lips

What are the 3 parts of the conducting portion of the bronchial tree?

1. trachea

2. bronchi

3. bronchioles

What are the 3 parts of the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree?

1. respiratory bronchioles

2. alveolar ducts

3. alveolar sacs

How long is the trachea?

10 cm

What are the cells that line the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What are the mucus secreting cells in the trachea?

goblet cells

How many C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage on the trachea keep the lumen open?

20

How many primary bronchi are there for each lung?

1

How many secondary bronchi are the for each lobe of the lungs?

1

How many secondary bronchi does the right lung have?

3

How many secondary bronchi does the left lung have?

2

How many tertiary bronchi does the right lung have?

10

How many tertiary bronchi does the left lung have?

8

Bronchioles are the branches of ___________ bronchi.

tertiary

What is the diameter of bronchioles?

5 mm or less

What kind of cells line bronchioles?

ciliated columnar epithelial cells

What are the mucus secreting cells in bronchioles?

goblet cells

Terminal bronchioles are branches of _____________.

bronchioles

How many terminal bronchioles are there for each lobe of lungs in each bronchopulmonary segment?

1

What cells line terminal bronchioles?

ciliated columnar epithelial cells

(T/F) Terminal bronchioles contain goblet cells.

false

(T/F) Gas exchange does not occur in the terminal bronchioles.

true

What are the microscopic branches of terminal bronchioles?

respiratory bronchioles

Which bronchioles contains alveoli for gas exchange?

respiratory bronchioles

How many alveolar ducts does each respiratory bronchiole divide and form into?

2-11

What are the airways deep in the lung that lead to the alveolar sacs?

alveolar ducts

What do respiratory bronchioles divide into?

alveolar ducts

(T/F) Each alveolar duct leads into 2 or more expanded regions in which alveoli share a common opening.

true

What kind of muscles regulate the lumen diameter of the respiratory tube which controls airflow?

smooth muscle

What are the 3 functions of the bronchial tree?

1. conduit

2. conditions air

3. regulate air flow

What are the saclike outpouchings of the alveoli sac?

alveolus

What kind of cells are type I alveolar cells?

thin squamous epithelial cells

Which kind of alveolar cell secretes alveolar fluid?

type II alveolar cells