Bio FInal review

three types of symbiotic relationships

Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

mutualism

Both organisms benefit EX: Gut bacteria

Commensalism

one benefits, other is unaffected EX: skin bacteria feedig on dead skin cells

Parasitism

one benefits, host is harmed EX: tapeworm in intestines

normal microbiota

on your body and do not harm

transient microbiota

microbs that were on your body but dissapeared because of hygine or immune responce

resident microbiota

permainate microbs

opportunistic pathogens-

pathogens that are initially harmless but when immunity is weakened, they can cause disease

true pathogens

pathogens that cause disease in healthy individuals

What three parts of the human body are normally associated with normal microbiota?

Skin- hair follicle

Respiratory tract- mouth

Digestive tract- stomach

bodily organs that would generally be free of microbiota (sterial body organs)

uterus, blood, blrain, spinal chord

Explain how a newborn gains normal microbiota following birth.

Birth- exposed to mothers vaginal microbs

Breast milk- beneficial bacteria

Outside world- air, food, etc

Contamination

microbs are present but not growing

Colonization

microbs are present but they aren’t causing harm

Infection

microbs are present and causing harm

Pathogenicity

the abilty of a microorganism causing disease

What are the two main components of pathogenicity?

invasiveness, Virulence

Virulence

severity of disease caused

invasiveness

ability to spread in tissues

How are the portals of entry and exit associated in terms of infectious disease?

Respiratory tract, GI tract, Blood, Skin, Genitourinary tract

what are the 4 Fs of infection

food, fingers, flies, feces

Acute disease

desease spreadys rapidly but lasts a short time

Chronic Disease

The disease spreads slowly but lasts a long time

Noncontagious disease

doesn’t spread

Contagious

can spread it

Disease syndrome

all the symptoms and components that make up the disease

What are the disease syndromes’ parts?

signs, symptoms

signs

observed symptoms like a rash

symptoms

the discomfort the patient feels

Asymptomatic carrier

doesn’t cause symptoms but and spread to others

primay infection

the first infection

secondary infection

the second infection usually occurs because of weakened immune system

systemic infections

spreads through body through lymph nodes/ blood

Explain how Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine worked.

He noticed that milkmaids who caught cowpox rarely developed smallpox so he injected a boy with cowpox the boy developed a mild case of cowpox but he recovered and then was later exposed to smallpox and did not become sick this worked becuse cowpox and smallpox was simmular and the vaccine helped the boys immune system fight off the disease.

basic structure of virus

-genetic material (DNA RNA)

-capsid/protein

-sometimes envalope with spikes

live (attenuated) vaccines

weakened pathogen, strong long lasting immunity

killed vaccines

dead pathogen, safer, often require boosters

nonspecific (innate) immune responce

fast responce, general defense, no memory EX: skin

cell-mediated (adaptive)

slow response, targets specific antigen, has memory, B/T cells

inflammation

Protective response to injury/infection.

inflammations key componets

redness, heat, swelling, pain

B-cells mature

bone marrow

B-cells and T-cells found where?

lymph tissue/ blood

B-cells produce

Antibodies

T-cells mature

thymus

what do T-cells do

kill infected cells, coordinate immunity

major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

protein on cells presenting antigens to T- cells

What are cluster of differentiation (CD)

urface proteins identifying immune cell types, CD4- helper T cells CD8- cytotoxic T cells

five classes of immunoglobulins

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

IgG

Most abundant antibody in blood; provides long-term immunity G = Greatest amount in blood

IgM

First antibody produced during an initial infection M = Makes first response

IgA

Protects mucous membranes and found in saliva, tears, breast milk, and mucus A = Airways and secretions

IgE

Involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasites E = Emergency allergies

IgD

Found mainly on B cells; helps activate and regulate B cellsD = Development of B cells

Type 1 hypersensitivities

immediate allergy, IgE-mediated EX: anaphylaxis

Type 2 hypersensitivities

cytotoxic reaction, IgG/IgM- mediated EX: transfusion reaction

autoimmune disorders

Disease where immune system attacks self tissues

autoimmune disorder examples

type 1 diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis