10.03 - Industrialization

19th century

1800s

Adam Smith

(1723-1790) a Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and who supported laissez faire policies and whose ideas support capitalism

Agricultural Revolution

(mid 1700s- 1800s) the transformation of agriculture from traditional medieval farming to more productive, efficient, and mechanical methods of farming through scientific innovation and new techniques

capitalism

an economic system in which land, factories, and other resources are owned by individuals instead of the government. In this system, the prices of things we buy are decided by the people who sell them and not by the government

cholera

an acute, often fatal, infectious disease that is marked by vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea

coal

a black or dark brown rock that burns easily when set on fire

Commodore Matthew Perry

(1794- 1858) a commodore in the United States navy who forced the Japanese to open their country to western merchants in 1853

communism

a system of government in which all factories, farms, and other valuable things are owned and controlled by the government

complex

consisting of many different and connected parts

difference

something that makes two or more things not alike

economic

related to the use a country or region's wealth and resources

efficient

operating well without much waste

enduring issue

a challenge or problem that has been debated or discussed across time

experience

live through, feel, or know

factory

a building or set of buildings where products are made by machines

famine

a great lack of food over a wide area

finished/manufactured good"

products that are ready to be sold to customers

Great Britain

the main island of the United Kingdom, located off the northwest coast of France and occupied by England, Scotland, and Wales; Great Britain

historical context

the events that led to an event; includes the time period and larger historical trends as well as causes

industrial

related to turning raw materials into manufactured goods

Industrial Revolution

the period in which the production of goods shifted from hand production methods to complex machines. This period of industrialization resulted in social and economic changes. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain around 1750. The process of industrialization spread throughout the world in the following centuries.

industrialization

the process of developing manufacturing on a large scale

innovation

a new method of addressing a problem

Irish Potato Famine

(1845-1849) a period of mass starvation, disease, and emigration in Ireland

James Watt

(1736 - 1819) was a Scottish inventor and engineer whose improvements to the steam engine provided much of the force behind the Industrial Revolution

Karl Marx

(1818-1883) a German political philosopher and economist who founded modern socialism and wrote The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels

laborer

someone who works

manufacture

the process of making a large number of something

manufacturing

the process of making a large number of something

mechanization

the process of making something more mechanical or automatic by introducing machines

Meiji Restoration

(1868-1912) a period of industrialization and modernization in Japan in reaction to European imperialism that to Japan's imperial period

merchant

a person who is involved in trade

middle class

a social group between the upper class and working class, usually made up of professional and business workers and their families

mining

the act or business of digging up coal, ore, or other minerals in a mine

natural resource

materials the occur in nature and can be used for economic gain (to make money) like forests, water, fertile land, oil, or coal

parliament

a part of a government that makes laws; the legislative branch of government; referred to as Parliament in Great Britain and many other countries, but can have different names like Congress in the United States of America

point of view

an opinion; a claim

population

the number of people in a particular area

raw material

an item (usually a natural resource) used to create manufactured goods

reform (v.)

to make changes in something to improve it

reform (n.)

the action or process of changing something

reliable

the useful and accurate for a given purpose

similarity

something that one or more things have in common

social

having to do with society, people living together in large groups

social class

groupings of people in a society usually based on wealth, religion, ethnicity, or other factors

socialism

a theory of government in which the whole community rather than individuals owns all of its property and resources

steam engine

a machine that heats water, then uses resulting steam to move machinery. Though other invented the steam engine, James Watt's version of it was popular during the Industrial Revolution.

suffrage

the right to vote

surplus

an amount that goes beyond what is needed

textile

cloth, or woven fabric

urban

having to do with a city

urbanization

the process of making an area more city-like

working class

a social group lower than the middle class, usually made up of people who earned a living through manual labor and earned a low age