lab 7 information - mostly

technique for recording respiratory variables

spirometry

The primary function of the respiratory system is to release __________ from the body and to acquire ________ for use by the body.

carbon dioxide; oxygen

Respiration is thought of as 4 steps:

Pulmonary Ventilation

External Respiration

Transport of Respiratory Gases

Internal Respiration

is the movement of air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs

pulmonary ventilation

: is when carbon dioxide diffuses to the lungs from the blood and oxygen diffuses to the blood from the lungs (also occurs in respiratory system)

external respiration

accomplished using the blood of the cardiovascular system, carbon dioxide is transported from the cells of body tissues to the lungs, and oxygen is transported from the lungs to the cells of body tissues.

transport of respiratory gases

occurs as oxygen diffuses from the blood to the cells of the body, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells of the body to the blood

internal respiration

Carbon dioxide is produced and oxygen is used by cells for energy production during

cellular respiration

Upper Respiratory System: consists of the structures from

nose to larynx

Lower Respiratory System: consists of the

larynx and structures inferior to it

warms and moistens entering air, provides a resonating chamber for vocalizations, cleans and filters entering air, and houses the olfactory receptors

nose

A small portion of the superior nasal cavity is lined with ____________________ containing the receptors for smell

olfactory mucosa epithelium

The rest of the nasal cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa composed of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and seromucous nasal glands

the respiratory mucosa epithelial cells secrete _______________ to assist in killing microbial invaders

antibiotic defensinss

The cilia of the nasal cavity sweep the contaminated mucus toward the ________ to be swallowed and digested

throat

________ air slows the cilia and thus allows some of the mucus to dribble out the nostrils

cold

is triggered when irritants (dust, pollen, etc) contact the rich supply of sensory nerve endings in the nasal cavity.

sneeze reflex

Many thin walled veins and plexuses of capillaries lie just beneath the nasal epithelium and _______ the air as it is inspired

warm

Superficial location of these vessels does expose them and make them easy to damage, leading to

nose bleeds

increase surface area and helps create turbulence which deflects non-gaseous particles onto the mucus coatings

nasal conchae

Paranasal Sinuses are located in

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

These sinuses lighten the skull but are prone to

inflammation

When swallowing food, the muscular _______ and ______ move superiorly

soft palate and uvula

When swallowing food, the muscular soft palate and uvula move superiorly to block off the:

nasopharynx, and epiglottis flaps over the larynx.

In the nasopharynx, cilia propel mucus toward the

stomach

of the nasopharynx contains lymphatic tissue that traps and destroys pathogens.

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)

connect the middle ear to the nasopharynx so that air in the middle ear can match pressure with atmospheric air.

pharyngotympanic tubes

receive both food and air and thus have a more protective stratified squamous epithelium

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

The respiratory system can be thought of as having a (2 zones)

respiratory zone and conducting zone

site of external respiration (where gas is exchanged) and is made up of the microscopic alveoli (main site of exchange), alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles

respiratory zone

consists of all the tubes transporting air from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles.

conducting zone

The larynx houses the

vocal folds/cords

of the thyroid cartilage can be seen external to the body as Adam's Apple

laryngeal prominence

In males, the thyroid cartilage is stimulated by ______ during puberty to grow larger

androgens

in females stimulate fat deposition in necks that obscure their smaller laryngeal prominence

estrogen

The ______ cartilage anchor the vocal folds

arytenoid

should never be given to an unconscious patient orally

liquids

The vocal folds and opening between them are collectively termed the

glottis

Glottis opens and closes during intermittent expiration to

produce speech

Below the larynx and trachea, epithelium changes back to

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

move the cartilages of the larynx (mostly arytenoid) to change the length of vocal folds and size of glottis to change pitch and produce vocalization

laryngeal muscles

Tense vocal folds will vibrate more to produce a ___ pitch

higher

is determined by the force with which the air is expired across the vocal folds

loudness

resonate sounds to enhance and amplify them

pharynx, nasal, oral, and sinus cavities

Enunciation to produce recognizable sounds as words is completed by muscles in

he lips, soft palate, tongue, and pharynx that fine tune the sound as waves escape us

is an inflammation of the vocal folds causing them to swell and vibrate incorrectly

laryngitis

what is laryngitis commonly caused by

viral infection

The abdominal muscles contract and the glottis closes, to increase the intra-abdominal pressure to help empty rectum

Valsalva Maneuver

The Valsalva Maneuver also increases pressure in thorax which decreases

venous return

during inhalation does thoracic pressure increase or decrease

decrease

during inhalation does venous return increase or decrease

increase

during inhalation does vagal tone increase or decrease

decrease

during inhalation does heart rate increase or decrease

increase

the volume of the thorax is changed to produce the forces that allow

pulmonary ventilation

At constant temperature, the pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume is what law

Boyles Law

Large volume, gas spreads out, _______ pressure

low

Small volume, gas condenses, _______ pressure

high

In order to exhale air, we squeeze on the thorax and decrease the volume by ___________ the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles to increase pressure in thorax until the intra-thorax pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure which then forces air out of lungs

relaxing

also depress the rib cage to further increase pressure for forced expiration

internal intercostals

what muscles are also recruited for deep inspiration

pectoralis minor and scalenes

These conditions release pressure on great vessels allowing a large venous return which will stretch the heart and _______ heart rate

increase

Heart rate _______ when we breathe in, and _______ when we breath out

increases, decreases

The trachea is composed of:

mucosa, submucosa, adventita

The _______ of the trachea allows it to move during breathing, but its _____________ hold it open so air can continuously move.

elasticity, cartilage rings

lies between the esophagus and trachea and contraction of it aids in rapid movement of air and mucus out of the lungs and trachea during coughing

trachealis muscle

how many secondary bronchus on right vs left

3 on right, 2 on left

Passageways in the lungs where the branching produces diameters smaller than 1mm are termed

bronchioles

Bronchioles are reached there is no longer walls containing

cartilage

during exercise to increase gas exchange capabilities

dilation

basically the cluster of alveoli coming off the alveolar duct

alveolar sac

Alveoli are densely covered with

pulmonary capillaries

The capillary and alveolar walls with their fused basement membranes sandwiched between create the

respiratory membrane

The gradient for diffusion is kept as large as possible by

ventilating the lung and having a continuous flow of blood in the capillaries

Air that is high in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide is constantly being refreshed into the

alveoli

is the amount of gas reaching the alveoli

ventilation

blood flow in the pulmonary capillaries

perfusion

decreases surface tension in the alveoli

pulmonary surfactant

The entire bronchial tree, including alveoli, is surrounded by fine

elastic fibers

the alveoli are also connected to each other through _____ ____ that provide alternate pathways for air to get into alveoli

alveolar pores

Lungs are not sterile location, but have resident ___________ of microorganisms in healthy humans (like gut)

biome

Ventilation Perfusion Coupling is autoregulated in the

lung

The lungs take up the thoracic cavity except for the

mediastinum

The mediastinum is where the

heart, great vessels, esophagus, bronchi, and other organs.

Each lung is independently surrounded by the serous parietal (superficial) and visceral (lies directly on lung) membranes collectively termed

pleura

Between 2 pleural membranes is a space filled with

pleural fluid

Inflammation of the pleura is termed clinically ________- and often result __________

pleurisy and leads to pneumonia

inflammation primarily of the alveoli in the lung

pneumonia

The heart lies slightly to the left, the left lung only has two lobes and is molded to accommodate the heart in a feature termed the

cardiac notch

The tertiary bronchi plus an independent artery and vein serve each _______________- segment

bronchopulmonary

Stretchiness of lungs is clinically termed as amount of

lung compliance

Pulmonary Circuit is _____ pressure and _____ volume

low, high

are part of the high pressure systemic circuit and deliver oxygenated blood to the lung tissues

bronchial arteries

what nervous system stimulate air tubes to constrict

parasympathetic system

what nervous system stiluates air tube to dilate

sympathetic nervous system

When blood flow to kidneys decrease, the juxtaglomerular cells secrete ______ to the systemic circulation

renin

catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (stimulates arterioles to constrict)

angiotensin converting enzyme

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is

760 mmHg

pressure in the alveoli

intrapulmonary pressure

pressure in the pleural space or cavity

intrapleural pressure

intrapleural pressure is always slightly _____ than intrapulmonary pressure

less