CP Biology Final Review version A

Prophase

First phase of mitosis; chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form. (Prophase = Prepare)

Metaphase

Second phase; spindle fibers line the chromosomes up single-file across the middle of the cell (metaphase plate). (Metaphase = Middle)

Anaphase

Third phase; spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart toward opposite poles of the cell. (Anaphase = Apart)

Telophase

Fourth phase; two new nuclear membranes form around the separated chromosomes, creating two nuclei. (Telophase = Two)

Sister chromatids

The two identical copies of a chromosome joined together before they are pulled apart in anaphase.

Centromere

The point where two sister chromatids are joined together.

Spindle fibers

Protein fibers that attach to chromosomes and pull them apart during mitosis.

Centrioles

Structures at opposite poles of the cell that help form the spindle fibers.

Metaphase plate

The imaginary line across the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up during metaphase.

Poles

The two opposite ends of the cell that chromosomes are pulled toward during anaphase.

What lines up in the middle during metaphase?

The chromosomes (single-file across the metaphase plate).

What gets pulled apart during anaphase?

The sister chromatids.

What forms around the chromosomes during telophase?

Two new nuclear membranes (forming two nuclei).

What is the result of mitosis and cytokinesis?

Two identical daughter cells, each with a full set of chromosomes.

What happens to the nuclear membrane in prophase?

It breaks down.

In what order do the phases of mitosis happen?

Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase (PMAT)

Which organelle controls the activities of the cell?

Nucleus

Which process moves water across a selectively permeable membrane?

Osmosis

What is the main function of mitochondria?

Produce ATP energy

Which macromolecule stores genetic information?

Nucleic acids

Which characteristic is shared by all living things?

They maintain homeostasis

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen and glucose

Which phase of mitosis lines chromosomes up in the middle of the cell?

Metaphase

A trait that is hidden by another trait is called?

Recessive

Which level of organization includes many populations living together?

Community

Which relationship benefits both organisms?

Mutualism

What is the atomic number equal to?

Number of protons

Which transport process requires ATP energy?

Active transport

DNA has the shape of a?

Double helix

Which nitrogen bases pair together in DNA?

A-T and C-G

Which kingdom contains organisms without a nucleus?

Bacteria

The purpose of cellular respiration is to?

Release usable energy

Which biome receives the least rainfall?

Desert

Which scientist developed binomial nomenclature?

Linnaeus

Which structure helps plant cells maintain shape?

Cell wall

Which process produces sex cells?

Meiosis

Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

Which scientist is known as the Father of Genetics?

Mendel

What is the basic unit of life?

Cell

Which process occurs in the nucleus?

Transcription

Which type of mutation adds an extra nucleotide into DNA?

Insertion

The movement of particles from high to low concentration is called?

Diffusion

The process plants use to make food is called?

Photosynthesis

The jelly-like material inside the cell is the?

Cytoplasm

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows is?

Interphase (G1 and G2)

Organisms that make their own food are called?

Autotrophs (producers)

A change in DNA is called a?

Mutation

The largest level of biological organization is the?

Biosphere

The study of living things is called?

Biology

Organisms that break down dead material are called?

Decomposers

The organelle where proteins are made is the?

Ribosome

The process of copying DNA is called?

Replication

The process of making proteins from mRNA is called?

Translation

A gene combination such as TT or Tt is called the?

Genotype

The physical appearance of a trait is called the?

Phenotype

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions

Ecology

Study of interactions in the environment

Habitat

Place where an organism lives

Niche

The role an organism plays in its environment

Population

Group of organisms of the same species

Ribosome (organelle function)

Makes proteins

Vacuole (organelle function)

Stores water/materials

Chloroplast (organelle function)

Site of photosynthesis

Mitochondria (organelle function)

Produces ATP energy

Cell membrane (organelle function)

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells have NO nucleus or membrane-bound organelles and are small/simple (bacteria). Eukaryotic cells HAVE a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and are larger/more complex (plants, animals).

Difference between passive and active transport

Passive transport needs NO energy and moves molecules high → low concentration (diffusion, osmosis). Active transport REQUIRES ATP energy and moves molecules low → high concentration (against the gradient).

Compare photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Photosynthesis happens in chloroplasts: CO2 + water + light → glucose + oxygen (stores energy). Cellular respiration happens in mitochondria: glucose + oxygen → CO2 + water + ATP (releases energy).