Bio 11 - Diversity from fungi to viruses excluding Animalia

Plant-like Protists alternate name

Algae

What is the link between kingdoms Protista and Plantae

Green Algae

Classify this phylum of multicellular algae:

Phaeophyta (brown algae)

• largest, most complex protists

Classify this phylum of multicellular algae:

Rhodophyta (red algae)

• thought to be the first multicellular organism on earth

Classify this phylum of multicellular algae:

Chlorophyta (green algae)

• link between aquatic protists and land protists

• structurally very diverse

• contains chlorophyll like land plants

Largest, most complex protists

Phaeophyta

First multicellular organism on earth

Rhodophyta

What must plants have to live on land?

• Protection from drying out

• A water transport system

• Structural support to lift towards the light

Describe the first land plants

non vascular (no xylem or phloem)

What did vascular plants evolve to have?

• Xylem: transport water and nutrients

• Phloem: transport sugars

• Roots: anchor to land

• Leaves: to capture sunlight

• Reproduction on land

Function of the xylem

to transport water and nutrients

Function of the phloem

to transport sugars

Function of roots

to anchor to the land

Function of leaves

to capture sunlight

Asexual methods of fungus reproduction:

• Budding

• Fragmentation

• Spores

Describe budding and is used by which phylum?

Asexual method of fungus reproduction. A smaller cell develops while attached to the parent cell; eventually gets pinched off by the parent cell and produces a new individual

• phylum deuteromycota

Describe Fragmentation

Asexual method of fungus reproduction. A piece of the mycelium breaks off and forms a new individual.

Describe spores

Asexual method of fungus reproduction. Spores released by fruiting body, spores do mitosis

Types of fungi nutrition

• parasitic

• predatory

• mutualistic

• Saprobial

Which fungi phylum is exclusively asexual?

phylum deuteromycota

Which fungi phylum is exclusively unicellular?

phylum Chytridiomycota

Which fungi phyla can be unicellular?

phylum Chytridiomycota and Ascomycota

Describe parasitic nutrition of fungi

Absorb nutrition from the living cells of a host organism, and when that dies, the fruiting body emerges to produce new spores.

• cordyceps

Describe predatory nutrition of fungi

Soil fungi whose mycelia have specialized structures for trapping prey (literally trap living organisms).

• Arthrobotrys

Describe mutualistic nutrition of fungi

Have partnerships with other animals (in most cases, the mycelia cover the roots of a plant, allowing the plants to absorb more nutrients while the fungus receives sugars from the plant).

• mycorrhiza

Describe saprobial nutrition of fungi

feeds on dead organisms or organic waste → mycelia absorb nutrients from dead/decaying matter.

Phylum Deuteromycota: Reproduction, cellularity, fruiting body structure, relevant details

• asexual

• multicellular molds

• penicillin, blue cheese

Phylum Chytridiomycota: Reproduction, cellularity, fruiting body structure, relevant details

• asexual

• unicellular

• spores have a flagella

• parasites on live or decaying plants, insects

• aquatic

Phylum Zygospore: Reproduction, cellularity, fruiting body structure, relevant details

• asexual usually, but sometimes sexual under certain conditions (zygospores)

• multicellular

• food mold

• mostly terrestrial

Zygospores

diploid structure that develops after two haploid hyphae of opposite types combine and fuse their nuclei

• characteristic of phylum Zygomycota

• sexual reproduction under unfavorable conditions

Phylum Ascomycota: Reproduction, cellularity, fruiting body structure, relevant details

• sexual → develop asci, involves fusion of two mating types to form a spore bearing asci

• unicellular

• powdery mildews, truffles

• largest group of fungi

• saprobial and parasitic

Phylum Basidiomycota: Reproduction, cellularity, fruiting body structure, relevant details

• sexual reproduction →fruiting body releases basidiospores from hyphae called basidia

• multicellular

• club fungi

Label

1. hyphae

2. fruiting body

3. mycelia

mycorrhizae

• specialized fungi that forms symbiotic relationships with plants

• allow plants to better absorb nitrogen

symbiosis

beneficial partnership between organisms to improve nutrition

Lichens

an organism that results from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic plant or alga

gametophyte

• haploid version of alternation of generations

• results from spores that have undergone mitosis

• produces gametes

sporophyte

• diploid version of alternation of generations

• results from fertilized gametes

• produces haploid spores via meiosis

Alternation of Generations

multicellular diploid organism Sporophyte → undergoes meiosis→ produces haploid spores → spores undergo meiosis→ forming a haploid multicellular gametophyte → undergoes mitosis → releases haploid gametes → fertilize to become diploid zygotes → mitosis to become a sporophyte

Who uses alternation of generations?

mosses and ferns (many privative land plants)

Plantae characteristics

• eukaryotes

• multicellular

• usually photosynthetic (have chloroplasts with chlorophyll)

• Are non-motile but use tropisms (reactions to stimuli) and rapid plant movements to move leaves, roots, and stems.

list the three methods of plant reproduction

• asexual/vegetative propagation

• sexual

• Alternation of generation

Describe the asexual reproduction method used by plants.

• vegetative propagation → cutting a branch off of a plant and repotting it to grow a new plant

• new plant is genetically identical to the parent

• beneficial to produce many plants in a short time

Describe the sexual reproduction method used by plants.

• requires two parent organisms (pollen and egg)

• Increases genetic variability

Which plant phylum is non-vascular?

phylum Bryophyta

Which plant phyla produce seeds?

Phylum Angiosperm and Gymnosperm

Which plant phyla produces flowers or fruit?

Angiosperm

Describe phylum Bryophyta

• moss

• non-vascular; depend on diffusion and osmosis to carry water and nutrients

• no roots

• haploid gametophyte is the larger part of it’s lifecycle

Which phylum lives in wet environments and why?

• phylum bryophyta

• mosses that grow low to the ground, the sperm has to literally swim between individuals to the egg

Describe Phylum Pteridophyta

• ferns

• vascular tissue allows them to grow tall

• seedless, produce spores for reproduction

• sporophyte is dominant in in’s lifecycle.

For which plantae phylum is the sporophyte dominant in it’s lifecycle?

Pteridophyta

For which plantae phylum is the gametophyte dominant in it’s lifecycle?

Bryophyta

Describe Phylum Gymnosperm

• Coniferous trees, Cycadophytes, Ginkgo biloba

• vascular with naked seeds (allow for plants to reproduce sexually without water)

How does phylum gymnosperm reproduce?

Wind distributes the pollen grains which land on the female cones, releasing sperm.

Describe Phylum Angiosperm

• flowering plants (make up 90% of all plants)

• Vascular with protected seeds (contained in fruit)

How can angiosperms be further classified?

monocots and dicots

What feature of angiosperms allows for increased chances of successful reproduction?

diverse flowers and fruits

What is the female part of a plant and what does it include?

Pistil; stigma, style, ovary, ovules

What is the male part of a plant and what does it include?

Stamen; anther, pollen, filament stalk

Label the flower

What 6 characteristics do all animals share?

• no cell wall

• multicellular

• eukaryotic (cells have membrane bound organelles)

• heterotrophic

• motile

• sexual reproduction

What kind of animal makes up 95% of all animals on earth?

invertebrates

Where do invertebrates typically live?

aquatic or moist environments

List the three body layers

• ectoderm (outer)

• mesoderm (middle)

• endoderm (inner)

Body cavity that many animals have their organs suspended in:

coelom

Describe animal reproduction

zygotes can be produced by either internal or external fertilization

What do viruses consist of?

a short piece of DNA or RNA surrounded by a capsid

capsid

protein coat of viruses

List 3 general characteristics of viruses

• smaller than cells

• no organelles, cytoplasm, or cell membrane

• non-living

How do viruses survive?

They invade host cells and use their organelles to survive. Otherwise, they are dormant outside of a host cell.

How can viruses by used by humans?

• biotechnology → to clone copies of genes

How are viruses classified?

• size and shape of the capsid

• type of disease they cause

• method of replication

How do viruses reproduce?

• Lytic cycle → infects and kill cells

• Lysogenic cycle → viral DNA adds itself to host DNA and copies when cell copies

Describe what happens during the lytic cycle. Draw it out.

1. virus attaches to the host cell and injects DNA

2. Cell makes copies of the viral DNA, proteins, and other viral parts

3. Viral parts assemble into new viruses in the host cell

4. Host cell bursts open, releasing many new viruses that infect other host cells

Approximately how many viruses are produced in 30 mins?

200 - fast replication

Describe what happens during the lysogenic cycle. Draw it out.

1. virus is engulfed by the host cell, and releases DNA into the host cell

2. Viral DNA combines with the host cell’s DNA (provirus)

3. Viral DNA reproduces every time the host cell reproduces

4. Virus remains dormant (host has no symptoms)

5. Viral DNA can separate from the host’s DNA and start the lytic cycle at any time

Provirus

viral DNA combined with host’s DNA

Why don’t antibiotics work against viruses?

Antibiotics target living things like bacteria, but since viruses are not living things, they can’t be killed with antibiotics.

Classify the phylum of this fungi

Zygomycota