APUSH 39 Simple IDs

Vietnamization

Nixon’s policy of withdrawing American troops from Vietnam while providing aid for the South Vietnamese to fight the war

Kent State University

The Ohio university where four students were killed during protests against the 1970 invasion of Cambodia

Pentagon Papers

Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War

Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

The first major achievement of the Nixon-Kissinger détente with the Soviet Union, which led to restrictions on defensive missile systems

southern strategy

Nixon’s plan to win reelection by curbing the Supreme Court’s judicial activism and soft-pedaling civil rights

Philadelphia Plan

Term for the new group affirmative action policy promoted by the Nixon administration

Watergate

A Washington office complex that became a symbol of the widespread corruption of the Nixon administration

War Powers Act

The law, passed in reaction to the secret Cambodia bombing, that restricted presidential use of troops overseas without congressional authorization

oil embargo

Arab-sponsored restriction on energy exports after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war

détente

Nixon-Ford-Kissinger policy of seeking relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union through trade and arms limitation

Helsinki Accords

International agreement of 1975, signed by President Ford, that settled postwar European boundaries and attempted to guarantee human rights in Eastern Europe

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed constitutional amendment promoting women’s rights that fell short of ratification

Roe v. Wade

Supreme Court decision that declared women’s right to choose abortion.

Alcatraz and Wounded Knee

Two historic sites seized by American Indian activists in 1970–1972 to draw public attention to Indian grievances

Title IX

Provision of the 1972 Education Amendments that prohibited gender discrimination and opened sports and other arenas to women

Richard Nixon

Winner of an overwhelming electoral victory who was forced from office by the threat of impeachment

Spiro Agnew

Nixon’s tough-talking conservative vice president, who was forced to resign in 1973 for taking bribes and kickbacks

Rachel Carson

Environmental writer whose book Silent Spring helped encourage laws like the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act

Daniel Ellsberg

Former Pentagon official who “leaked” the Pentagon Papers

Henry Kissinger

Talented diplomatic negotiator and leading architect of détente with the Soviet Union during the Nixon and Ford administrations

Earl Warren

Supreme Court justice whose “judicial activism” came under increasing attack by conservatives

George McGovern

South Dakota senator whose antiwar campaign was swamped by Nixon

Phyllis Schlafly

Conservative activist who led a successful movement to stop ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment

Gerald Ford

The first appointed vice president and first appointed president of the United States

John Dean

White House lawyer whose dramatic charges against Nixon were validated by the Watergate tapes

James Earl Carter

Former Georgia governor whose presidency was plagued by economic difficulties and a crisis in Iran

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian president whose 1978 summit agreement, brokered by President Carter, brought hopes of peace with Israel

Allen Bakke

California medical school applicant whose case led a divided Supreme Court to uphold limited forms of affirmative action for minorities

Shah of Iran

Repressive pro-Western ruler whose 1979 overthrow precipitated a crisis for the United States

Anwar Sadat

Egyptian leader who signed the Camp David accords with Israel