ACTIVITY 11 ANIMAL GENERAL MORPHOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION

Segmentation

metameres; somites; metamerism

tagmata; tagmatization

______________ is another common feature of animals in which the body is organized into definite regions or segments.

If the segments are similar with each other (so called ____________ or ____________), the condition is called ____________;

otherwise, they may become structurally different from one another and fused into functional groups or __________ by a process known as ______________.

oral

aboral

central

peripheral

For radially symmetrical animals:

_________ – located near or toward the mouth

___________ – opposite the mouth

__________– the middle portion of the body

______________– away from the middle portion of the body

anterior – the "head--end"; the end directed forward in locomotion; opposite of posterior

posterior – the "tail--end"; opposite of anterior

dorsal – the back or upper surface; opposite of ventral

ventral – the belly or the lower surface; opposite of dorsal

For bilaterally symmetrical animals:

__________ – the "head--end"; the end directed forward in locomotion; opposite of posterior

__________ – the "tail--end"; opposite of anterior

__________ – the back or upper surface; opposite of ventral

__________ – the belly or the lower surface; opposite of dorsal

lateral – on or toward the side

medial – on or toward the middle

proximal – toward the central part; opposite of distal

distal – farther from the middle of the body or toward the extremities of the body; opposite of proximal

For bilaterally symmetrical animals:

_________– on or toward the side

_________– on or toward the middle

_________ – toward the central part; opposite of distal

_________ – farther from the middle of the body or toward the extremities of the body; opposite of proximal

peripheral – near the surface of the body

pectoral – region in vertebrates which denotes the chest region; associated with the anterior pair of appendages

pelvic – denotes the hip region, associated with the posterior pair of appendages

cephalic – pertaining to or toward the head; opposite of caudal

caudal – toward the tail; opposite of cephalic

For bilaterally symmetrical animals:

___________ – near the surface of the body

___________ – region in vertebrates which denotes the chest region; associated with the anterior pair of appendages

___________ – denotes the hip region, associated with the posterior pair of appendages

___________ – pertaining to or toward the head; opposite of caudal

___________ – toward the tail; opposite of cephalic

Porifera

cellular

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

All are aquatic, mostly marine

• Simplest of all animals

✔ multicellular

✔ w/ ________ level of organization

Porifera

mesohyl; spicules; totipotent

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

- no true tissues or organs

- loose aggregates of cells embedded in a non-cellular matrix (_______) supported by ___________

- a few cells have specialized functions

- cells are ___________, can change form and function

Porifera

choanocytes

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Sessile/non-motile (adult); free swimming/motile (larvae)

• Most are filter feeders (through their _____________)

• Asymmetric or radially symmetrical

• Exhibit asexual and sexual reproduction

Porifera

• Ostia

• Osculum

• Spongocoel

  

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Water is pumped through these passageways and the animal filters nutrients from the water.

• _________– small openings or pores for entrance of water

• _________– larger openings for exit of water

• _________– large central cavity

Porifera

Spicules

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

____________

• stiffened rods or spike used to maintain shape of the sponge, keep pores and canals open and for defense

• may be composed of calcium carbonate or silica

Porifera

Spongin

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

_________

• collagenous protein

• for support

Cnidaria

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

All are aquatic, widespread in marine habitats

• Tissue level organization

Cnidaria

diploblastic; cnidocytes

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

more complex than sponges but still very simple

✔ With true tissues (_____________-2 layers of tissues), few simple organs, stinging cells (____________) from w/c the name of the phylum was derived

Cnidaria

nerve net

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

No respiratory, circulatory or excretory system, but with simple __________ as simple nervous system

✔ With gastrovascular cavity/coelenteron

Most are sessile (e.g. corals); some are motile (e.g. jellyfishes)

Cnidaria

• polyp; medusa

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Radial symmetry

• some are polymorphic (2 or more separate body forms); there is alternation between 2 body forms: _________ and _________

• Asexual (via budding, fragmentation) and sexual reproduction

• All are carnivores/predators

Hydrozoa

Scyphozoa

Anthozoa

Cubozoa

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Under this phylum, there are four classes:

Class H___________

Hydroids; most possess both medusa and polyp stages in their life cycle, with the polyp stage dominant. Most hydroids are marine and colonial. About 2700 species worldwide.

Class S_____________

Jellyfishes; medusa stage dominant; polyp stage small, inconspicuous, and simple in structure. All solitary and marine. About 200 species worldwide.

Class A___________

Corals, sea anemones and their relatives; only polyps occur in the members of the class, and they may be colonial or solitary. About 6200 species worldwide.

Class C__________ - box jellyfish

Platyhelminthes

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Triploblastic acoelomate

Platyhelminthes

incomplete

protonephridia

ganglionic

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Simplest phylum at organ level of complexity (w/ digestive, reproductive, muscular and excretory organs)

✔ Digestive system - _________ gut in most; in some, digestive system is lacking

✔ Excretory system – _______________

✔ Nervous system - ____________

✔ Reproductive system – hermaphrodites; asexual and sexual reproduction

Platyhelminthes

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Body dorsoventrally flattened

Bilaterally symmetrical

Protostomes

Phylum Platyhelminthes, The Flatworms

Turbellaria

Trematoda

Cestoda

Monogenea

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

This phylum is composed of the following classes:

Class T___________

Free-living flatworms, move from place to place by means of their ciliated epidermis, and have eyespots, which are absent in their parasitic relatives. Abundant in freshwater and the sea.

Class T___________

Flukes; parasitic flatworms with a digestive tract, and often complex life cycles that involve two or more hosts. (e.g. Schistosoma [blood fluke], Fasciola hepatica [liver fluke]).

Class C___________

Tapeworms; parasitic flatworms that lack a digestive tract and absorb food through their body walls; with complex life cycles

Class M_____________ - fish ectoparasite

Phylum Nematoda, the roundworms

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Triploblastic pseudocoelomate

Phylum Nematoda, the roundworms

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

unsegmented and vermiform ends;

Phylum Nematoda, the roundworms

• cuticle

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

externally no distinct head or obvious sense organ

• body covered with ________

Phylum Nematoda, the roundworms

• complete

• longitudinal

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• with ___________ digestive system

• with unique excretory system of collecting tubules

• with ____________ muscles only

Phylum Nematoda, the roundworms

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• No circulatory or respiratory systems

• Dioecious

• Bilaterally symmetrical

• Sexual reproduction

Phylum Nematoda, the roundworms

Secernentea

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Examine an image of Ascaris, the intestinal roundworm. This is a member of Class S_____________. Its cylindrical body is pointed at both ends, with the mouth at the anterior and blunt end. The anus at the posterior end is pointed.

Phylum Annelida, the segmented worms

Phylum Mollusca, the “soft-bodied” animals

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Protostomes and schizocoelous

Triploblastic coelomates

Phylum Annelida, the segmented worms

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Body divided into metameres/somites/segments by grooves or annuli

With head-body-pygidium

Phylum Annelida, the segmented worms

• hydroskeleton; collegenous

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Coelom is filled with fluid, ________________ serving as its support structure

• Body is covered with nonchitinous ____________ cuticle

Phylum Annelida, the segmented worms

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Have setae or bristles made up of chitin

• Closed circulatory system

• Complete digestive system

Phylum Annelida, the segmented worms

Parapodia - (in a polychaete worm) each of a number of paired muscular bristle-bearing appendages used in locomotion, sensation, or respiration.

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Respiration occurs through skin, gills, or parapodia

• Ganglionic nervous system

• Monoecious or dioecious

Phylum Annelida, the segmented worms

Polychaeta

Oligochaeta

Hirudinea

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

This phylum consists of three classes:

Class _____________

Polychaetes; clamworms, plumed worms, scale worms and their relatives. Mainly

marine worms with a distinct head and specialized sense organs, including eyes.

Fleshy, paddlelike flaps called parapodia, used in locomotion, occur in most

segments. The trochophore larvae are free swimming; about 8000 species.

Class ______________

Earthworms; terrestrial, freshwater and marine annelids with fewer setae than the

polychaetes and no parapodia. Earthworms lack a distinct head, and their sense

organs are not as specialized as the polychaetes. In preserved specimens, the

clitellum appears as a dark band near the anterior end of the body; about 3100

species.

Class ________________

Leeches; dorsoventrally flattened external parasites, predators or scavengers,

with suckers at one or both ends of the body. The anterior sucker surrounds the

mouth and is smaller at the posterior. Leeches have clitellum (though rarely

conspicuous) formed in segments 9 to 11; about 300 species.

Phylum Mollusca, the “soft-bodied” animals

• Head-foot; visceral mass; mantle

• radula

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Phylum Mollusca, the “soft-bodied” animals

• Body plan: _____________, ______________ and __________

• Complete digestive system, equipped with __________

Phylum Mollusca, the “soft-bodied” animals

• ctenidia

• cephalopods

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Respiration occurs through gills (___________), lungs, mantle or body surface/skin

• Open circulatory system, except in ______________

• Well-developed endocrine system

Phylum Mollusca, the “soft-bodied” animals

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Metanephridia for excretion

• Ganglionic nervous system

• With monoecious and dioecious forms

Polyplacophora

'Polyplacophora' means 'bearer of many plates'. The animal possess a

heart and an open blood system, a pair of kidneys that open to the pallial cavity,

a simple nervous system with two pairs of lateral nerve cords, and many special

minute sensory organs (aesthetes) that pass through the shell valves. Some of

these are specialized as light receptors, having a minute lens and retina-like

structure. The mouth is surrounded by a simple velum and the head lacks

tentacles or eyes.

Bivalvia

Cephalopoda

Gastropoda

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Four classes comprise this group:

Class ________________-

A chiton has an oval flattened body that is made up of a thick body with 8

overlapping plates or valves, bordered by a thick girdle formed from the mantle

that may be covered with spines, scales, or hairs. The pallial cavity, containing

multiple pairs of small gills, surrounds the foot with which the animal typically

clings to hard surfaces. The plates are greatly reduced or even internal in a few

species.

Class __________

Bivalves – clams, scallops, oysters, mussels and related mollusks – have two

shells, hinged together, and a wedge-shaped foot; bivalves lack distinct heads

and radula. The oldest portion of the shell called the umbo is found on the pointed

end. The concentric lines or growth lines on the surface accounts for the deposits

of additional material, an indicator of the age of the organism. Bivalves are

usually sessile feeders that disperse from place to place largely as larvae.

Class ______________

Octopuses, squids, and nautilus; active, intelligent marine predators in which the

foot has evolved into a series of tentacles – 8 in octopuses, 10 in squids, 80 to

90 in the nautilus. The cephalopods have two horny jaws, highly developed eyes,

and complex, efficient nervous systems. The shell in internal (squids), external

(nautilus), or absent (octopuses).

In squids, the shell, which is a reduced plastic-like strip, is found inside the mantle

cavity. Take note of the lateral flaps, found on the posterior end of the organism.

These are fins used by the squid for balance while swimming. In the octopus, the

tentacles are reinforced by suction cups for clinging to firm surfaces.

Class ____________ (Univalvia)

Snails; that have a single whorled shell. The broad, long and flat foot is ventrally

located and is used chiefly for locomotion. The head bears two (2) pairs of

tentacles while the visceral mass along with the internal organs are enclosed

within the shell.

Phylum Arthropoda, the “joint-legged” animals

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

o Triploblastic coelomates (but coelom is reduced)

o Protostomes

o Metameric or segmented body with some or all of the segments bearing several pairs of jointed appendages (artus – joint; poda – foot)

Phylum Arthropoda, the “joint-legged” animals

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Exhibit tagmatization

With chitinous exoskeleton

Phylum Arthropoda, the “joint-legged” animals

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Complete digestive sytem

• Open circulatory system

• Respire through body surface, gills, book lungs or trachea

Phylum Arthropoda, the “joint-legged” animals

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Excrete through nephridia, Malphigian tubules or glands

• Ventral nervous system; nervous system is ganglionic, highly developed sense organs and head (cephalization)

• Reproduction is sexual; most species are dioecious; often with metamorphosis

Phylum Arthropoda, the “joint-legged” animals

Class Chilopoda - predaceous centipedes

Class Diplopoda - millipedes

Class Insecta - winged and wingless insects, all adults have 6 pairs of legs

Class Crustacea - Shrimps and crabs

Class Arachnida - spiders, scorpions and mites

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Class _____________ - predaceous centipedes

Class _____________ - millipedes

Class _____________ - winged and wingless insects, all adults have 6 pairs of legs

Class _____________ - Shrimps and crabs

Class _____________ - spiders, scorpions and mites

Phylum Echinodermata, the “spiny-skinned” animals

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

o Exclusively marine

o Triploblastic coelomates

o Enterocoelous

o Deuterostomes

Phylum Echinodermata, the “spiny-skinned” animals

• ossicles

• water; podia

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Bilateral larvae; radial adults

• Endoskeleton of spiny calcareous ___________

• Presence of _________ vascular system; locomotion by tube feet (________)

Phylum Echinodermata, the “spiny-skinned” animals

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Complete digestive tract and with blood-vascular system (haemal system)

• Respiration by tube feet, dermal branchiae, respiratory tree and bursae

Phylum Echinodermata, the “spiny-skinned” animals

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• No excretory organs

• Nervous system of circumoral rings and radial nerves; no distinct head or brain (no cephalization)

• Asexual (regeneration, disk division) and sexual reproduction (dioecious with sperm or eggs produced in 2 or more gonads in each arm ; Larval stage = bipinnaria)

Phylum Echinodermata, the “spiny-skinned” animals

Class Crinoidea (sea lilies, feather stars)

Class Asteroidea (starfishes)

Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)

Class Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars)

Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Class ____________ (sea lilies, feather stars)

Class ____________ (starfishes)

Class ____________ (brittle stars)

Class ____________ (sea urchins, sand dollars)

Class ____________ (sea cucumbers)

Notochord

Dorsal hollow nerve cord

pharyngeal pouches/slits

post-anal tail

subpharyngeal

Phylum Chordata

Triploblastic coelomate

Bilaterally symmetrical

Cardinal features:

a. ___________ as supporting structure,

b. _______________,

c. _____________,

d. ______________,

e. _______________ organ

Phylum Chordata

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Complete digestive system

• Segmented muscles

• Ventral heart and closed circulatory system

Phylum Chordata

• chordates

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Respire through body surface, gills or lungs

• Complete excretory system; advanced __________ have kidneys for excretion

• Inhabit terrestrial or aquatic habitats

• Urochordata

• Cephalochordata

• Vertebrata

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

• Subphylum ______________ – notochord restricted in tail region in adults, tunic composed of cellulose, pharyngeal slits used for filter-feeding

• Subphylum _______________ (lancelets) – persistent notochord that extends up to head, oral cirri, fishlike body with muscle somites and median fins

• Subphylum ______________ – presence of vertebral column and cranium, tripartite brain In one group, the vertebrates, the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column, which also encloses the dorsal nerve cord.

Chondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Amphibia

Reptilia

Aves

Mammalia

State which phylum and fill in the blank if applicable.

Class _____________ - Sharks, skates and rays.

Class _____________- Bony fishes.

Class ______________ - Salamanders, frogs and toads.

Class ______________ - Lizards, snakes, turtles, tortoises, crocodiles and alligators.

Class _______- Birds.

Class ____________- Mammals.